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Chapter - 5
Reliability, Validity & Norms
5.1.0 Introduction
5.2.0 Concept of the Reliability
5.3.0 Methods of Estimation of reliability
5.3.1 Method of equivalent form
5.3.2 Test Retest Method
5.3.3 Split-half Method
5.3.4 Rulon Formula
5.3.5 Flanagan Formula
5.3.6 Method of Rational Equivalence (KR20)
5.3.7 Reliability by Cronbach’s α(alpha)
5.4.0 Validity
5.4.1 The Concept of validity
5.4.2 The Method of Determining validity
5.4.3 Face Validity
5.4.4 Congruent Validity
5.4.5 Concurrent Validity
5.4.6 Construct Validity
5.5.0 Norms
5.5.1 Norms for present test
5.6.0 Test Manual
5.6.1 Rules for the administration of the test
5.6.2 Conversion of raw scores into PR
5.6.3 Grade and level fixing
5.7.0 Conclusion
Chapter – 5
Reliability, Validity & Norms
5.1.0 Introduction :
In the previous chapter, the process of finalization of the test has been
described in detail. The test constructor should present the evidences of reliability and
validity of the said test. Hence, it is obligatory on the part of the investigator to
establish the reliability and validity of the test. This chapter deals with reliability,
validity and norms.
There are different methods of estimating the reliability of the test and
they are :
1. Equivalent form
2. Test-retest method.
3. Split-half method
4. Rulon method
90
5. Flanagan Method
91
correlation. The investigator had selected thirty-day time interval for two
successive administration which is supported by many researches.
After final run of the present test, a sub sample of 118 students
form main sample was drown (See. Chapter 3 para 3.4.5). After 30 days final
the test was administrated to the sample as per rules and regulations. After
scoring response of the respondents, true scores were entered in a excel
spreadsheet which is appended as appendix-VIII. The coefficient of
correlation was computed by using NRTVB-99 software. The said software
was developed by Navnit Rathod in year of 1999. (Prof. Bhavnagar
University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat State). The coefficient of correlation was
found 0.90 Hence, the reliability estimated by this method is satisfactory.
2
1
92
was used to compute coefficient of correlation. The computed coefficient of
correlation was found 0.64. there after the coefficient of correlation for whole
test was computed by abovementioned formula by the said software.
2 0.64
1 0.64
1.28
1.64
0.78
It is observed from the value of r = 0.78. This value shows that the
present test is reliable.
29.81, 140.66
29.81
1
140.66
1 0.21
= 0.79
The coefficient of correlation was found 0.79. The value shows
that correlation between two halves is high and reliable.
93
5.3.5 Flanagan Formula :
2 1
= Variance of Scores of odd numbered
items.
= Variance of Score of even numbered
items.
= Variance of total scores
46.17 41.20
2 1
140.66
87.37
2 1
140.66
2 0.38
0.76
94
into two equal halves in great many way and such split might yield some what
different estimate of rtt. The use of items statistics set away from such basis as
may arise from arbitrary splitting into two halves. Finally the most accurate
and practical KR20 formula5 was developed as under.
Σ .
1
These value were inserted in the formula and tt was computed. And
computation is as under.
95
denoted as alpha by lee cronbach in 1951. According to him, he was intended
to continue with further coefficients. The measure can be viewed as an
extension of the Kunder-Rechardson formula (KR20). Which is an equivalent
measure of dichotomous items. Cronbach has given a formula to work out the
reliability by using variance of the scores not only on odd and even items but
also the total number of items. The software NRTVB-99 is based on the
following formula.
Cronbach’s α = 2[1 –( ) ]
Summary of Reliability
Sr No. Method Correlation Remark
1 Test-retest 0.90 Highly Reliable
2 Splif-half 0.78 Reliable
3 Rulon formula 0.79 Reliable
4 Flanagun Method 0.76 Reliable
5 Rational Equivalence (KR20) Method 0.97 Highly Reliable
6 Cronbach's & (alpha) Method 0.93 Highly Reliable
96
It is observed from the table 5.2.7 that the range of coefficient
of correlation worked out by five different methods of the present test is 0.76
to 0.97. Looking to different values one can dare to say that the speed and
Accuracy test is reliable. As per cronbach’s α the reliability of the said test is
trustable, reliable and no harm to used for the population.
5.4.0 Validity :
A test is expected to Prove its worth. If the test does not fullfill its
worth, it is not worth of anything. Ross and Stanley (1963)6 have rightly Pointed out :
The test for measuring mental abilities, aptitude, attitude, etc., must
justify their Purpose. In the process of justification of purpose is known as the test
validation. Consequently, validation of a test score is the most important and
significant step in the process of standardization of any test. Most of the users, before
selecting the test for the use, looks carefully in to the values of validity. Therefore, the
constructor of the test should make clear the concept of the validity.
97
In such situation the validity of the test must be established
even the test is highly reliable.
1. Face Validity
2. Congruent Validity
3. Concurrent Validity
4. Construct Validity
The investigator has used all the four techniques for estimation
validity of the Speed & Accuracy test.
This method is very simple and provides valid image of the test
which can be treated as validity. In this method, experts having long
experience to judge the test for which it has been constructed. The test was
given to experts and requested them to judge whether it has a capacity to
measure the Speed and Accuracy of the students of higher secondary school.
98
5.4.4 Congruent Validity :
99
of Std. XI, their board examination result of std X were taken into
consideration while for the students of XII, the annual examination of their std
XI were used. The stated results were verified by the investigator from school
record for its validation.
As per criteria, if the value of ‘C’ is 0.36 or above it, then the
test is treated as valid one.
100
Table 5.4.6
Validity Summary
Method Values Remark
1) Face Validity - Good
2) Congruent Validity 0.60 Valid
3) Concurrent Validity 0.50 Satisfactory
4) Construct Validity 0.36 Valid
5.5.0 Norms :
101
• Within Group Norms :-
• Grade Norms :- Grade norms are found by computing the mean row
score obtained by students in particular grade.
102
equivalence for raw-score. To minimize the rows, it was decided to establish
norms for naturally divisible variables. i.e. Area, Gender and streams only.
Table 5.5.1
Letter grade and qualitative division
Level Grade Coverage of PR
Very Good A Above 80 PR
Good B From 61 to 80 PR
Average C From 41 to 60 PR
Below Average D From 21 to 40 PR
Poor E Below 21
Total true score earned by each student was classified
according to stratum. Area wise, Gender wise and Stratum wise frequency
distributions were prepared accordingly by using excel program. PR was
calculated for each raw score in the context of each variable with its levels.
The minimum score was 192 earn by the students, on present test. Hence, from
191 raw score, PR table was prepared : To make easy reading PR
corresponding to raw score stream wise, i.e. three tables were prepared. These
PRs are presented in table 5.4.2 say table - (A), table - (B) and table - (C) for
stream wise. They are as follow.
103
Table 5.4.2 (A)
Value of PR for each row score in the context of variable & its levels
Science Stream
Row Rural Urban Row Rural Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
360 99.10 99.10 99.10 99.10 320 24.60 24.60 24.60 24.60
359 98.10 98.10 98.10 98.10 319 24.50 23.20 23.20 23.20
358 98.10 98.10 98.10 98.10 318 23.20 23.20 23.20 23.20
357 96.70 96.70 96.70 93.90 317 20.30 20.30 20.30 20.30
356 96.70 96.70 96.70 93.90 316 20.30 20.30 20.30 20.30
355 93.90 93.90 93.90 93.90 315 18.40 18.40 18.40 18.40
354 93.90 93.90 93.90 93.90 314 18.40 18.40 18.40 18.40
353 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 313 14.70 16.70 16.70 18.30
352 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 312 14.70 16.70 16.70 16.70
351 84.40 84.40 84.40 84.40 311 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70
350 84.40 84.40 84.40 84.40 310 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70
349 78.50 78.50 78.50 78.50 309 11.70 13.10 8.00 14.60
348 78.50 78.50 78.50 78.50 308 11.70 13.10 8.00 11.70
347 71.50 71.50 71.50 71.50 307 11.70 8.00 8.00 11.70
346 71.50 71.50 71.50 71.50 306 11.70 8.00 8.00 11.70
345 66.40 66.40 66.40 66.40 305 10.80 8.00 8.00 9.80
344 66.40 66.40 66.40 66.40 304 10.80 8.00 8.00 9.80
343 61.00 61.00 61.00 61.00 303 7.30 8.00 8.00 9.80
342 61.00 61.00 61.00 61.00 302 7.30 8.00 8.00 9.80
341 54.10 54.10 54.10 54.10 301 7.30 8.00 8.00 8.00
340 54.10 54.10 54.10 54.10 300 7.30 8.00 8.00 8.00
339 50.10 50.10 50.10 50.10 299 7.30 8.00 8.00 8.00
338 50.10 50.10 50.10 50.10 298 7.30 8.00 8.00 8.00
337 45.80 45.80 45.80 45.80 297 7.30 7.30 5.50 5.50
336 45.80 45.80 45.80 45.80 296 7.30 7.30 5.50 5.50
335 42.10 42.10 42.10 45.80 295 6.60 4.90 5.50 5.50
334 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 294 6.60 4.90 5.50 5.50
333 42.00 38.60 38.60 38.60 293 6.60 4.90 5.50 5.50
332 38.60 38.60 38.60 38.60 292 4.10 4.90 5.50 5.50
331 38.50 35.00 35.00 35.00 291 4.10 4.90 5.50 5.50
330 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 290 4.10 4.90 5.50 5.50
329 32.40 32.40 32.40 32.40 289 4.10 4.90 4.90 4.90
328 32.40 32.40 32.40 32.40 288 4.10 4.90 4.90 4.90
327 29.00 26.80 30.40 30.40 287 4.10 3.10 4.60 4.60
326 29.00 26.80 30.40 30.40 286 4.10 3.10 4.60 4.60
325 29.00 26.80 26.80 26.80 285 4.10 3.10 4.10 2.80
324 29.00 26.80 26.80 26.80 284 4.10 3.10 4.10 2.80
323 26.80 26.80 26.80 26.80 283 3.70 3.10 2.30 2.80
322 26.80 26.80 26.80 26.80 282 3.70 3.10 2.30 2.80
321 24.60 24.60 24.60 26.70 281 2.70 3.10 2.30 2.80
104
Row Rural Urban Row Rural Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
280 2.70 3.10 2.30 2.80 238 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
279 2.70 1.60 2.30 2.80 237 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
278 2.70 1.60 2.30 2.80 236 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
277 2.70 1.60 2.30 2.80 235 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
276 2.70 1.60 2.30 2.80 234 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
275 2.70 1.60 2.30 2.30 233 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
274 2.50 1.60 2.30 2.30 232 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
273 2.40 1.60 2.30 2.30 231 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
272 0.40 1.60 2.30 2.30 230 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
271 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 229 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
270 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 228 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00
269 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 227 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
268 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 226 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
267 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 225 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
266 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 224 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
265 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 223 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
264 0.40 1.60 0.00 1.60 222 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
263 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 221 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
262 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 220 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
261 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 219 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
260 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 218 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
259 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 217 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
258 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 216 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
257 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 215 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
256 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 214 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
255 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 213 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
254 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 212 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
253 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 211 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
252 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 210 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
251 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 209 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
250 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 208 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
249 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 207 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
248 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 206 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
247 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 205 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
246 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 204 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
245 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 203 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
244 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 202 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
243 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 201 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
242 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
241 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 199 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
240 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 198 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
239 0.40 0.50 0.00 0.00 197 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
105
Row Rural Urban Row Rural Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
196 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 183 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
195 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 182 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
194 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 181 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
193 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 180 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
192 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 179 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
191 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
190 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 177 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
189 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 176 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
188 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 175 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
187 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 174 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
186 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 173 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
185 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 172 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
184 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 171 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
106
Row Rural Urban Row Rural Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
312 16.70 16.70 16.70 16.70 270 0.70 0.60 1.60 2.00
311 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70 269 0.70 0.60 1.60 1.60
310 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70 268 0.70 0.60 1.60 1.60
309 13.10 13.10 14.60 13.10 267 0.70 0.60 1.60 1.60
308 13.10 13.10 13.10 13.10 266 0.70 0.60 1.60 1.60
307 11.70 10.80 11.70 10.80 265 0.70 0.60 1.60 1.60
306 11.70 10.80 11.70 10.80 264 0.70 0.60 1.60 1.60
305 10.80 10.80 10.80 10.80 263 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.60
304 10.80 10.80 10.80 10.80 262 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
303 9.80 9.80 9.80 9.80 261 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
302 9.80 9.80 9.80 9.80 260 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
301 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 259 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
300 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 258 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
299 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 257 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
298 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 256 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
297 7.30 7.30 7.30 4.90 255 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
296 7.30 7.30 7.30 4.90 254 0.70 0.60 0.70 1.10
295 6.70 6.10 6.70 4.90 253 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
294 6.70 6.10 6.70 4.90 252 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
293 6.10 6.10 6.60 4.90 251 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
292 6.10 6.10 6.10 4.90 250 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
291 5.50 5.50 5.50 4.90 249 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
290 5.50 5.50 5.50 4.90 248 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
289 3.00 4.10 4.80 4.90 247 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
288 3.00 4.10 4.80 4.90 246 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
287 3.00 4.10 4.80 4.10 245 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
286 3.00 4.10 4.60 4.10 244 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
285 3.00 4.10 4.10 4.10 243 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
284 3.00 4.10 4.10 4.10 242 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
283 3.00 3.10 3.70 3.70 241 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
282 3.00 3.10 3.70 3.70 240 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.00
281 3.00 3.10 3.10 2.00 239 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
280 3.00 3.10 3.10 2.00 238 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
279 3.00 0.60 2.80 2.00 237 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
278 3.00 0.60 2.80 2.00 236 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
277 0.70 0.60 2.80 2.00 235 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
276 0.70 0.60 2.80 2.00 234 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
275 0.70 0.60 1.60 2.00 233 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
274 0.70 0.60 1.60 2.00 232 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
273 0.70 0.60 1.60 2.00 231 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
272 0.70 0.60 1.60 2.00 230 0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00
271 0.70 0.60 1.60 2.00 229 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00
107
Row Rural Urban Row Rural Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
228 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 199 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
227 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 198 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
226 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 197 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
225 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 196 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
224 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 195 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
223 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 194 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
222 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 193 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
221 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 192 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
220 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 191 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
219 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 190 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
218 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 189 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
217 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 188 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
216 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 187 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
215 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 186 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
214 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 185 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
213 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 184 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
212 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 183 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
211 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 182 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
210 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 181 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
209 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 180 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
208 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 179 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
207 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
206 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 177 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
205 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 176 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
204 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 175 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
203 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 174 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
202 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 173 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
201 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 172 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 171 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
108
Row Arts Urban Row Arts Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
344 66.40 66.40 66.40 66.40 302 9.80 9.80 9.80 9.80
343 61.00 66.30 61.00 61.00 301 8.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
342 61.00 61.00 61.00 61.00 300 8.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
341 54.10 54.10 54.10 54.10 299 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
340 54.10 54.10 54.10 54.10 298 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
339 50.10 50.10 50.10 50.10 297 6.70 6.70 7.30 7.30
338 50.10 50.10 50.10 50.10 296 6.70 6.70 7.30 7.30
337 45.80 45.80 45.80 45.80 295 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.10
336 45.80 45.80 45.80 45.80 294 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.10
335 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 293 4.90 5.50 6.10 6.10
334 42.10 42.10 42.10 42.10 292 4.90 5.50 6.10 6.10
333 42.00 38.60 38.60 38.60 291 4.90 5.50 5.50 4.90
332 38.60 38.60 38.60 38.60 290 4.90 5.50 5.50 4.90
331 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 289 4.90 4.80 4.90 4.90
330 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 288 4.90 4.80 4.90 4.90
329 32.40 32.40 35.00 32.40 287 4.10 4.80 4.60 3.70
328 32.40 32.40 32.40 32.40 286 4.10 4.10 4.60 3.70
327 30.40 30.40 30.40 30.40 285 4.10 4.10 4.10 3.70
326 30.40 30.40 30.40 30.40 284 4.10 4.10 4.10 3.70
325 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 283 3.70 2.00 3.70 3.70
324 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 282 3.70 2.00 3.70 3.70
323 26.80 26.80 26.80 26.80 281 3.10 2.00 3.10 3.00
322 26.80 26.80 26.80 26.80 280 3.10 2.00 3.10 3.00
321 24.60 24.60 24.60 24.60 279 2.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
320 24.60 24.60 24.60 24.60 278 2.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
319 23.20 23.20 23.20 24.50 277 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.50
318 23.20 23.20 23.20 23.20 276 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.50
317 20.30 20.30 20.30 20.30 275 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.50
316 20.30 20.30 20.30 20.30 274 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.50
315 18.40 18.40 18.40 18.40 273 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.00
314 18.40 18.40 18.40 18.40 272 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.00
313 16.70 16.70 16.70 18.30 271 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.00
312 16.70 16.70 16.70 16.70 270 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.00
311 14.70 14.70 14.70 16.60 269 1.60 1.50 2.00 1.30
310 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70 268 1.60 1.50 2.00 1.30
309 13.10 13.10 13.10 13.10 267 1.60 1.50 1.80 1.30
308 13.10 13.10 13.10 13.10 266 1.60 1.50 1.80 1.30
307 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.70 265 1.60 1.50 1.30 1.30
306 11.70 11.70 11.70 11.70 264 1.60 1.50 1.30 1.30
305 10.80 10.80 10.80 10.80 263 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.30
304 10.80 10.80 10.80 10.80 262 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.30
303 9.80 9.80 9.80 9.80 261 1.20 1.50 1.30 1.30
109
Row Arts Urban Row Arts Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
260 1.20 0.50 1.30 1.30 218 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
259 1.20 0.50 1.30 1.00 217 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
258 1.20 0.50 1.30 1.00 216 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
257 1.20 0.50 1.00 1.00 215 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
256 1.20 0.50 1.00 1.00 214 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
255 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 213 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
254 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 212 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
253 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 211 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
252 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 210 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00
251 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 209 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
250 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 208 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
249 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 207 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
248 0.70 0.50 1.00 1.00 206 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
247 0.70 0.50 0.90 0.70 205 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
246 0.70 0.50 0.90 0.70 204 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
245 0.70 0.50 0.90 0.70 203 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
244 0.70 0.50 0.90 0.70 202 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
243 0.70 0.50 0.20 0.70 201 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
242 0.70 0.50 0.20 0.70 200 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00
241 0.70 0.50 0.20 0.70 199 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00
240 0.70 0.50 0.20 0.70 198 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
239 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 197 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
238 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 196 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
237 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 195 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
236 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 194 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
235 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 193 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
234 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.70 192 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
233 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.60 191 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
232 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.60 190 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
231 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.00 189 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
230 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.00 188 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
229 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.00 187 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
228 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.00 186 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
227 0.20 0.50 0.20 0.00 185 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
226 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 184 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
225 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 183 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
224 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 182 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
223 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 181 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
222 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 180 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
221 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 179 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
220 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 178 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
219 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.00 177 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
110
Row Arts Urban Row Arts Urban
Score Boys Girls Boys Girls Score Boys Girls Boys Girls
176 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 173 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
175 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 172 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
174 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 171 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Test manual provides guide line about how to use the present test
scientifically. The present test is a speed test so that proper administrative rules are
needed. The manual also provides guide line to evaluate testee's score in terms of his /
her PR and also how to categories PR into different levels – say assigning letter grade
to the Speed and Accuracy of the testee. The manual also provides important hints to
counsellor for student's counselling.
• Population :
This test would be used for the students studying in the higher
secondary schools having all the three streams : Science, Commerce and
Arts situated in the Gujarat state such as Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar,
Mehsana, Surendranagar and Vadodara districts having Gujarati Medium.
111
o Calculate true scores by subtracting numbers of incorrect responses
from correct numbers of responses for each section and there after
for the whole test.
5.6.2 Conversion of raw scores into PR :
5.7.0 Conclusion :
The present chapter dealt with the Reliability, Validity and Norms. The
reliability was measured by using Test-retest, split-half and Cronebatch α which was
running between 0.85 to 0.99.
A Congruent validity was estimated and was high one. A guide line for
users along with norms were discussed at length in this chapter. The next chapter is
based on data analysis in the light of objectives stated for phase II.
112
References
6. Ross and Stanley, (1963), Measurement in today's school, New York, Prentice
Hall, P. 122
113