Chapter I

STATISTICS
Prepared by:
Larry Jay B. Valero, LPT
 Statistics
 Statistics is derived from the Latin word "status" meaning state.

 Statistics is a collection of quantitative data, such as statistics of crimes,

statistics of enrolment, statistics of unemployment.

 Statistics is also the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and

interpret numerical information from data.
 2 kinds statistics

1.Descriptive Statistics

2.Inferential Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics

 methods concerned with the collection, description, and analysis of a

set of data without drawing conclusions of inferences about a larger
set.
Example:
1. A bowler wants to find his bowling average for past 12 games.
2. A housewife wants to determine the average weekly amount she spent on groceries in the
past 3 months.
3. A politician wants to know the exact number of votes he received in the last election.
4. The Surgeon General studies the relationship between the cigarette smoking and heart
disease.
 Inferential Statistics
 methods concerned with making predictions or inferences about a
larger set of data using only the information gather from a subset of
this larger set
1. A bowler wants to estimate his chance of winning a game based on
his current season averages and the averages of his opponents
2. A housewife wants to predict based on last year’s grocery bills, the
average weekly amount she will spend on groceries for this year.
3. A politician would like to estimate, based on an opinion poll, his
chance of winning in the upcoming election.
4. As a recent cut-backs by the oil producing nation, we can expect the
price of the gasoline to double in the next year.
POPULATION VS.
SAMPLE
 Population
 collection of all elements under consideration in a statistical study.
 A population data set contains all members of a specified group (the
entire list of possible values.
 Totality of all the observations

 Example:
All people living in the Philippines.
All students in CVSU.
 Sample
 A sample data set contains a part or a subset of a population.
 The size of the sample is always less than the size of the population from
which it is taken.
 Subset of a population.

 Example:
Some people living in the Philippines
Some students in CvSU
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS
 Direct or Interview method
 a person to person encounter between the interviewee and the
interviewer.
 Interviewer- the one who gathers the information
 Interviewee- the source of information.

 Interview can be done personal, through phone or internet access.

 Indirect or Questionnaire method
 a technique in which questionnaire is used to elicit the information or
data needed.
 The questionnaire is consist of questions printed or type in the definite
order on a form or a set of forms.
 Registration Method
 obtains data from the records of the government agency authorized by
law to keep such data or information and made these available to the
researchers.

Example:
 Birth and Death Rates – National Statistics Office (NSO)
 Number of Registered Cars – Land Transportation Office (LTO)
 List of Registered Voters – Commission on Elections ( COMELEC)
 Observation Method
 a technique in which data particularly those pertaining to the
behaviours of individuals or group of individuals during the given
situation are best describe through observation.

 Observing the children’s behaviour

 Observing the costumers movement
 Observing the traffic count
  
 Experimental Methods
 a system used to gather data from the results of performed series of
experiments on same controlled and experimental variables. This is
commonly used in scientific inquiries.
 LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
 1. Nominal
 Classificatory scale
 characterized by data that consists of names, labels, or categories only.
 Naming
 Ex.
name
civil status
gender
religion
address
degree program
 2. Ordinal
 Ranking scale
 The ordinal level of measurement contains the properties of nominal
level, and in addition, the number assigned to categories of any
variable maybe ranked or ordered in some low to high manner.
Example:
Military rank
Job position
Year Level
Teaching ratings
Size of t-shirt
 3. Interval
 It is like the ordinal level, with the additional property that meaningful
amounts of differences between data can be determined.
 An interval scale must have a common and constant unit of
measurement. Furthermore the unit of measurement is arbitrary and
there is “no true zero point” .
 Example:
Temperature( in degree celcius and fahrenheit)
IQ score
SAT score
 4. Ratio
 The ratio level of measurement contains all properties of the interval
level and in addition, it has a’ true zero” point.
Example:
 Distance
 Weight
 Height
 Weekly Allowance
DIFFERENT WAYS OR
FORMS TO PRESENT
DATA
 Textual Form
 Makes use of words, sentences and paragraph in presentation.
 It is commonly used when there are only few numerical data to be
enumerated or to be compared with other data.
 Tabular form
 is a systematic presentation of data in rows and columns.
 It is used when related numerical facts need to be classified in `arrays
 Graphical Form
 It shows numerical values or relationships in a pictorial form.
Parts of statistical table
 Table 1. Relationship Between Academic Performance
and the identified variables
Variable Correlation Coefficient Significance Remarks
GPA 0.7461 0.000 HS
MI 0.4015 0.000 S
IQ 0.9891 0.000 S
Gender 0.1452 0.084 NS

NS - Not Significant
S – Significant
HS- Highly Significant

HEADING – Shows table number, title and head note

TITLE- brief statement of the nature, classification and time reference of the
information presented and the area to which the statistics refer.
HEAD NOTE – enclosed in bracket between the title and the top rule of the table
 Table 1. Relationship Between Academic Performance
and the identified variables
Variable Correlation Coefficient Significance Remarks
GPA 0.7461 0.000 HS
MI 0.4015 0.000 S
IQ 0.9891 0.000 S
Gender 0.1452 0.084 NS

NS - Not Significant
S – Significant
HS- Highly Significant

 BOX HEAD- portion that contains the column heads which describe
the data in each column
 STUB- First column on the left of the table, which describes the data
on the given row
 Table 1. Relationship Between Academic Performance
and the identified variables
Variable Correlation Coefficient Significance Remarks
GPA 0.7461 0.000 HS
MI 0.4015 0.000 S
IQ 0.9891 0.000 S
Gender 0.1452 0.084 NS

NS - Not Significant
S – Significant
HS- Highly Significant

FOOTNOTE- statement inserted at the bottom of the table

Source Note – exact citation of the source of data which is usually
include acknowledging the origin of the data.
 Different types of graphs
 Line graph is used when:
-data cover a long period of time
-several series are compared
-movements are to be emphasized
-trends are to be established.
 Different types of graphs
 Bar Graph
is used when numerical values of an item over a period of time are
compared
It consists of regular bars where the height of bars represents quantity or
frequency for each category.
 Different types of graphs
 Pie Graph
is used to show percentage or the composition by parts of a whole.
 Different types of graphs
 Pictograph or Pictogram
is used to immediately suggest the nature of data.
Thank you for listening 