INTRODUCTION

TO STATISTICS
GEC 004| UCC CONGRESS
STATISTICS
 plural sense - a set of numerical data
 singular sense- a branch of science that deals with the:

* COLLECTION
* PRESENTATION
* ANALYSIS
* INTERPRETATION
. . . of a set of numerical data
Statistical Analysis
refers to a collection of methods used to process
large amounts of data and report them in a
summarized and organized manner

particularly useful when dealing with enormous data

General Uses of Statistics
1. aids in decision-making
• provides comparison
• explains actions that have taken place
• justifies a claim or assertion
• predicts future outcome
• estimates unknown quantities

2. summarizes data for public use

 AREAS OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
composed of methods
concerned with collecting,
describing, analyzing a set of
data without drawing
conclusions or inferences about
a large group
Inferential
Statistics
composed of methods
concerned with the analysis
of a subset of data leading to
predictions or inferences
about the entire set of data
 POPULATION vs SAMPLE
POPULATION SAMPLE
- a collection of all the - a part (subset) of the
elements under population from which
consideration in any information is collected
statistical data
PARAMETER vs STATISTIC
PARAMETER STATISTIC
- a numerical - a numerical
characteristic of a characteristic of the
population sample
 DATA
refer to the collection of
observations
*observation – a realized value of a variable
Classifications of DATA
1. QUALITATIVE
2. QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE DATA
- have labels or names
assigned to their respective
categories
QUANTITATIVE DATA
any attribute that we
measure in numbers
 can be DISCRETE or
CONTINUOUS
 VARIABLE
- a characteristic or attribute
of persons or objects which
can assume different values
for different persons or objects
 VARIABLE
Examples:
•number of legislative districts
•age
•year level
•province
•type of residence
 BASIC
MATHEMATICAL
CONCEPTS USED IN
STATISTICS
RATIO | PROPORTION | PERCENTAGE | RATE OF OCCURENCE
RATIO
The number of elements in one set divided
by the number of elements in another set.

NOTE:
Elements cannot belong in both sets. They are either
in Set A or Set B.
RATIO
Examples:
• sex ratio
• dependency ratio
• A class with 40 students has 28 females. What is
the ratio of females to males?
Answer: 28:12 or 7:3; or
PROPORTION
The number of elements in a set possessing a
specific characteristic divided by the total
number of elements in a set.

NOTE:
There are only 2 sets. Elements cannot belong to both sets. They are either
in Set A or Set B.
PROPORTION
Example:
Consider a class with 40 students where 28 are females. What is the
proportion of male students?
PERCENTAGE
a proportion multiplied by 100

Example:
Consider a class with 40 students where 28 are females. What is the
percentage of male students?

= 30% 30% of the class are male students

RATE OF OCCURENCE
The number of occurrences divided by
the total number of occurrences.
- usually expressed in terms of per 100, per 1000, per 10000
RATE OF OCCURENCE
Example:
Dropping Rate
There are 1200 COE students for the First semester. Within the semester, 30
students dropped from their chosen program. What is the drop rate during
the 1st semester?

Thus, 2.5% is the dropping rate of COE during the 1st Semester.
 LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL | ORDINAL | INTERVAL | RATIO
NOMINAL LEVEL
A measurement level in which numbers are
used to identify different categories (i.e. as
labels or names) rather than to reflect
quantitative information.
Examples:
- jersey number, sex, religion, marital status
ORDINAL LEVEL
A measurement level in which values
reflect only rank order.
Examples:
- educational attainment
(primary, secondary, tertiary)
- Socioeconomic status (low, middle, high)
INTERVAL LEVEL
A measurement level with an arbitrary
zero point in which numerically equal
intervals at different locations on the scale
reflect the same quantitative difference.
Example:
temperature in or
RATIO LEVEL
The highest level of measurement that
has all the characteristics of the interval
plus a true zero point.

Examples:
- income, age, number of children, grades
REFERENCES
Prof. Randolph Sasota’s Lecture Notes in
Educational Research
Statistics & Probability by Marquez, W.G, et.al
, Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc.
INTRODUCTION
TO STATISTICS
by Ms. Mary Joy A. Villareal