STATS (2ND SEM – 3RD QRT)

 STATISTICS
• The science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, & interpreting
data.

• Involves
complex mathematical theories used to estimate population
parameters.

 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Statistics is about translating everyday, ordinary or historical
information into statistical data
- Involve the collection, organization, summary and presentation of data.
- Involve constructing frequency distributions, graphs and computation of
statistical measures.

 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- analyzing the data (mathematically)
- Involve making predictions by:• generalizing from samples to
populations, • performing estimations and hypothesis tests • and
determining relationships among various populations.

 RESEARCH
- to determine solutions for different issues (or problems) in various
industries (health, business, economy, politics, etc.) and daily living.

 POPULATION
- The complete collection (or universe) of people or objects that a
research is referring to and which samples in a research represent.
- Populations are normally too big (or most times, infinite) and impossible to
study completely.

 SAMPLE
- A portion of a population carefully selected for study (studied,
interviewed, experimented on, observed) to estimate and represent the
population.
- Members or a portion of the population (people, objects, animals, etc.)
selected for study to represent and estimate the parameters of the
population.

 SAMPLING
- May refer to the samples selected
- Refer to the methods of collecting samples

 DATA
- The information collected from studying (i.e. ta interviewing, studying,
experimenting on, etc.) the population or samples.
- Represented by variables
  DISTRIBUTION
- Sets or classifications of data collected.
- Each value in a distribution is called a datapoint.
Ex. score or observation
- Historical data / distribution -> data of past events.

 RANDOM VARIABLE
- A letter or symbol used to represent each distribution of data.
- It represents the set of possible outcomes in a probability experiment.

POPULATION SAMPLES

Population Size Sample Size (n)-

(N) – the total The total count or
count of a number of samples
population. collected.

Population Sample
Distribution Distribution -
-Classifications of Classifications of
data collected from data collected from
studying the studying samples.
population.

Parameter- Data Statistic- Data

derived from and derived from and
then produced then produced after
after studying the studying samples.
population. The Computed and
true values being produced to serve
estimated in a as estimates of the
research. true values.

 SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION
- Refers to all data collected by interviewing, surveying or experimenting on
samples.
- Refers to the collection of datapoints representing each group of samples.
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
- The probability distribution when all possible samples of size n are
repeatedly drawn form a population.

QUALITATIVE OR CATEGORICAL

Nominal Ordinal

• Gender  Grade (A,

B, C, F)
• Zip Code
 Rankings
• Religion
 Rating
• Race Scales

QUANTITATIVE OR NUMERIC

Discrete Continuous

 Easily  Infinite
countable values
 Limited between
values two
between datapoints
two
datapoints

Interval Ratio

 0 means  0 denotes
something an empty
e.g. 0 set
degrees

 QUESIONNAIRE (Written Survey)

 Fixed alternative (Likert Scale)
 Open-ended questions

 INTERVIEW (Survey through interace)

 Personal, Telephone, Focus Group Discussions

 OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION

 Participative or Non – participative
 Observing samples or the population in their natural activities
 Designing activities for samples or the population.

 RECORDS & FIELD SOURCES

 Documents, Publications, Articles
 Local and international agencies studies and/or statistical data: NEDA, PSA,
SEC, UN, IMF, ADB

 RANDOM SAMPLING
 Subjects are selected randomly
 Subjects should be selected without bias or prejudice so as to achieve
objective or fair findings.

 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 Subjects are selected using criteria that matches the objectives of the
research or study.

 STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 Subjects are selected by dividing the population into groups (strata), and
subjects are randomly selected from each group.
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Subjects are selected by using an intact group that is representative of the
population.

 TEXTUAL
 Information presented in paragraph form
 TABULAR
 Information presented in tables with rows and columns.
 GRAPHICAL
 Information presented through the use of charts such as bar graphs, line
charts, pie charts, etc.
 ANALYTICS
 Employs advanced statistical theories to business issues; and present data
through creative and dynamic visualizations.

 STUDY OF PROBABILITY
 Study of the different principles applied in and methods of calculating the
probability of event.

 PROBABILITY
 The chances or likelihood of an event occuring

 PROBABILITY EXPERIMENT
 An activity that attempts to measure the likelihood of outcomes.