CHAPTER 5:

INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF RESEARCH STATISTICS

GROUP 1
CLARENCE S. GA-ANO
TERENCE S. GAANO
AILEEN CABADSAN CAPUL
MARICEL DAO ANIS DOMINGUEZ-REYES
JONATHAN CASTILLON
JUDITH B. CAMARAO-AGKHAPEN
RESEARCH
• Consist of two words:
Re - again and again
Search – to find something
• To observe a phenomena again and again from different dimensions,
collect data and draw conclusions.

STATISTICS
• Comes from the Latin word “Status”, originally meant information useful to the state, such as information
about sizes of population.
• Deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
• Summarizes or describes the characteristic of data set.
*Data set – is an ordered collection of data.
 APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
• Health care

• Marketing

• Finance

• Government

• Economics

• Research

Application of Statistics is important by using Statistical Methods to analyze the data.

 TYPES OF STATISTICS (2)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• It is a numerical and graphical ways to describe the data set that focuses on
describing, summarizing, organizing and illustrating data set.

• It is useful to summarize the collected data sets using a tabulated or a

graphical representation.

• Researchers commonly used histograms, bar graphs, pie charts, box plots,
dot plots and etc.
 TOOLS OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:
MEASURE OF CENTRAL MEASURE OF SPREAD/
TENDENCY VARIATION

-MEAN - VARIANCE
-MEDIAN - STANDARD DEVIATION
-MODE - RANGE
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that makes the use of various analytical tools
to draw inferences about the population data from sample data.
 helps to develop a good understanding of the population data by analyzing the
samples obtained from it.

 It helps in making generalizations about the population by using various analytical tests
and tools.
 With inferential statistics, it’s important to use random and unbiased sampling methods.
If your sample isn’t representative of your population, then you can’t make valid statistical
inferences or generalize
 Types of INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1) HYPOTHESIS TESTING is a type of inferential statistics that is used to test assumptions and
draw conclusions about the population from the available sample data.
 Z Test: a z test is used on data that follows a normal distribution and has a sample size greater
than or equal to 30. it is used to test if the means of the sample and population are equal when
the population variance is known.
t Test: a t test is used when the data follows a student t distribution and the sample size is
lesser than 30. it is used to compare the sample and population mean when the population
variance is unknown.
F Test: an f test is used to check if there is a difference between the variances of two samples
or populations.
 Types of INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
2) Regression analysis is used to quantify how one variable will change with respect to another
variable. there are many types of regressions available such as simple linear, multiple linear,
nominal, logistic, and ordinal regression
 Simple Linear regression-checks the effect of a unit change of the independent variable in
the dependent variable
POPULATION
-Complete set of persons or objects where you can draw data for statistical study.
-A population doesn’t always refer to people. It can mean a group containing
elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations,
countries, species, organisms.

SAMPLE
-Subset of the larger population
-specific group that you will collect data from

PARAMETERS
-refers to the characteristics that are used to define a given
population
-Numerical value summarizing all the data of an entire
population
 TYPES OF SAMPLING
• Random Sampling-
every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population
• Systematic sampling-
involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may
differ in important way.
• Convenience sampling-
very easy to do, but it's probably the worst technique to use. In
convenience sampling, readily available data is used. That is, the first people the
surveyor runs into.
• Cluster sampling
accomplished by dividing the population into groups usually geographically.
These groups are called clusters or blocks. The clusters are randomly selected, and each
element in the selected clusters are used.
• Stratified sampling
divides the population into groups called strata.
Stratified sampling (SRS), also known as quota random sampling, is a
probability sampling technique where the total population is divided into homogenous groups.
 DATA
collection of discrete or continuous values that convey
information, describing the quantity, quality, fact,
statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply
sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted
formally.
 Qualitative Data:
numerical values cannot be assigned
nonnumerical in nature
represents information and concepts that are not represented by numbers.
from interviews and focus groups, personal diaries and lab notebooks, maps, photographs, and
other printed materials or observations and usually are in alphabetical form

describes qualities or characteristics.

used to categorize information based on specific attributes or properties which can be verified.
collected using questionnaires, interviews, or observation, and frequently appears in narrative
form

Example : it could be notes taken during a focus group on the quality of the food at Cafe Mac, or
responses from an open-ended questionnaire.
 Anything that involves feedback which has no direct quantitative
measure against a numeric scale is qualitative data.

 Categorical: can be used to analyze language, and through this, to

develop an understanding of subjective perception.

 can be ordinal (ordered on degrees of, or ranked scales)

 can be Nominal (for example gender or demographic information).

 The important thing is that the categories should be mutually exclusive

and should not overlap.
Examples methods for gathering Qualitative Data:
• Observation Notes.
• Semi-structured interviews.
• Open-ended survey.
• Participant diaries or journals.
• Portfolios of evidence.
• Concept Maps.
• Case Studies.
• Focus Groups.
Quantitative data
• always numbers/ numeric
• value of data in the form of counts
or numbers where each data set
has a unique numerical value
• result of counting or measuring
attributes of a population.

• Examples:
Purpose
• used when a researcher needs to quantify a problem,
and answers questions like “what,” “how many,” and
“how often.”
• frequently used in math calculations, algorithms, or
statistical analysis.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 less susceptible to bias  lacks context.

 can be tested and checked,  tells you what something is but

and anyone can replicate not why it is
both an experiment and its
results  Conclusions drawn from
quantitative research are only
 quick and easy to collect applicable to the particular case
studied, and any generalized
conclusions are only hypotheses
• Researchers often prefer to use
quantitative data over qualitative
data because it lends itself
more easily to mathematical
analysis.
• it
does not make sense to find an
average hair color or blood type.