A quantitative research is a research design that uses numbers in stating generalizations about a given

problem or inquiry. These numbers are the results of objective scales of measurements of the units of
analysis called variables. Furthermore, research findings are subjected to statistical treatment to
determine significant relationships or differences between variables, the results of which are the bases
for generalization about the problem.

The characteristics of quantitative research according to Prieto, et al. are as follows:

1. Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age, gender, educational status, among
others, that call for measurable characteristics of the population.

2. Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of
data.
3. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collected in order to show trends, relationships
or differences among variables. The charts and tables allow you to see the evidence collected.

4. A large population yields more reliable data, but principles of random sampling must be strictly
followed to prevent researcher’s bias.

5. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity of
findings.

6. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.

Different parts of Research Paper

Introduction - where you set up your topic and approach for the reader.

Background of the Study - the first section of the paper and establishes the context underlying the
research. It contains the rationale, the key problem statement, and a brief overview of research
questions that are addressed in the rest of the paper.

Statement of the problem - an explanation in research that describes the issue that is in need of study.

Null Hypothesis - is the claim that there's no effect in the population.

Scope and limitation of the study - The scope details what your study will explore, such as the target
population, extent, or study duration. Delimitations are factors and variables not included in the study.

Significance of the Study - the contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a research field.
Definition of terms - This gives your readers an understanding of the concepts or factors that will be
discussed throughout your study, as well as contextual information as to how you will be using those
concepts in your study.

Theoretical Framework - is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.

Conceptual Framework - illustrates the expected relationship between your variables. It defines the
relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent
conclusions.

Review of related literature - is a comprehensive review of the existing literature pertaining to a specific
topic or research question.

Methology - is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze
information about a topic

Research Design - refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of
the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem

Population and Sampling - A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about. A
sample is the specific group that you will collect data from

Research Instrument - is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your subject.

Data Gathering Procedure - is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of
interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

Statistical Treatment of Data - is taking raw data and turning it into something that can be interpreted
and used to make decisions.

Types of Research

Applied Research - It is a scientific study that seek to solve various practical problems in the day to day
life.

Basic Research - It is called as Fundamental or Pure research. It Expands the person's knowledge. This
type of research is not going to create or invent anything new.

Correlational Research - The relationship among 2 or more variables without necessarily determining
the cause and effect is known as correlational research.

Descriptive Research - This type of research provides accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or group. Also known as statistical research. It deals with everything that can be
counted and studied which have an impact on the lives of people.
Qualitative Reseach - Difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically such as beliefs, meanings,
attributes and symbols. It aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior.

Quantitative Research - Involving numbers and quantifying the results mathematically in numbers

Experimental Research - This study involves objective, systematic, controlled investigation for purpose
of predicting and controlling the phenomena. It also includes examining the probability and causality
among variables.

Types of Sampling Method

Convenience Sampling - This method is used when the availability of sample is rare and also costly.

Purposive Sampling - This is based on the intention or the purpose of study. Only those elements will be
selected from the population which suits the best for the purpose of our study.

Snowball Sampling - This technique is used in the situations where the population is completely
unknown and rare.

Quota sampling - This type of sampling depends of some pre-set standard. It selects the representative
sample from the population.

Simple Random Sampling - Every element has an equal chance of getting selected to be the part sample.
It is used when we don’t have any kind of prior information about the target population.

Probability Sampling - This Sampling technique uses randomization to make sure that every element of
the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample.

Non - probability Sampling - it does not rely on randomization. This technique is more reliant on the
researcher’s ability to select elements for a sample. Outcome of sampling might be biased and makes
difficult for all the elements of population to be part of the sample equally.

Stratified Sampling - This technique divides the elements of the population into small subgroups (strata)
based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group are homogeneous and
heterogeneous among the other subgroups formed.

Cluster Sampling - Our entire population is divided into clusters or sections and then the clusters are
randomly selected. All the elements of the cluster are used for sampling. Clusters are identified using
details such as age, sex, location etc.

Multi stage Sampling - It is the combination of one or more methods described above.

Formula

Frequency (f) - is the number of times the value occurs in the data.

Mean - is the total sum of values in a sample divided by the number of values in your sample.
Weighted Mean - is a mean where some of the values contribute more than others. It represents the
average of a given data.

Z - Test - are a statistical way of testing a hypothesis, when we know the population variance σ2 . We
use them when we wish to compare the sample mean μ to the population mean μ0

T - Test - is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups. It is often used in
hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or treatment actually has an effect on the population
of interest, or whether two groups are different from one another.

Standard deviation - is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean. Low standard
deviation means data are clustered around the mean, and high standard deviation indicates data are
more spread out.

Percentage - One of the most frequent ways to represent statistics is by percentage. Percent simply
means "per hundred" and the symbol used to express percentage is %. One percent (or 1%) is one
hundredth of the total or whole and is therefore calculated by dividing the total or whole number by
100.