ASSIGNMENT # 1: INTRO TO STATISTICS
I. Differentiate the following and give two (2) examples each.
1. Individual - Collected data which can be
associated with a single element in a sample are
called individual data.
Example:
-All data that result from responses from John
Doe are individual data.
-If we want to do a study about the people who
have climbed Mt. Everest, then the individuals in
the study are the actual people who made it to the
top.
2.) Population Data - the totality of
observations or elements from a set of data.
Example:
-The ages of all employees of a certain
company.
-The total number of student in a school.
3.) Parameter - refers to the measure that
describes the population.
Example:
A researcher wants to estimate the average
death age of Filipino women in the last
decade.
A population researcher computes the average
number of births per day.
4.) Descriptive Statistic - Descriptive
statistics is a way to organize, represent and describe
a collection of data using tables, graphs, and
summary measures.
Example;
-The collection of people in a city using the internet
or using Television.
-The sum of the following data set is 20: (2, 3, 4,
5, 6). The mean is 4 (20/5).
5.) Qualitative Variable - A qualitative VSQuantitative Variable - Variables whose values
variable, also called a categorical variable,
is a variable that isn't numerical. It describes
data that fits into categories.
Variable - A variable is any characteristics, number, or
quantity that can be measured or counted. 
Example:
-Income' is a variable that can vary between data units in a
population.
VS -Vary over time for each data unit (i.e. income can go up or
down).
Sample Data – refers to one more elements taken
from the population for a specific purpose.
VS Example:
-A group of 40 patients in a hospital who are given a
particular treatment.
-The top 50 taxpayers in the Philippines.
Statistic – numerical description of the sample.
Example:
A sample of 100 deaths, he obtained a sample mean of
73.
VS
From a group of 50 random students, a mean GWA of
86.75 is determined.
Inferential Statistic - Inferential Statistics is a method
that allows us to use information collected from a sample to
make decisions, predictions or inferences from a population. It
grants us permission to give statements that goes beyond the
available data or information.
VS
Example:
-Deriving estimates from hypothetical research.
-The mean SAT score of all 11th graders in the US.
result from counting or measuring something.
Example:
-Hair color (Black, Brown, Gray, Red,
Yellow)
- Dog breeds (variables include: Alaskan
malamute, German shepherd, Siberian husky,
and Shih Tzu).
6.) Nominal - is a type of data that is used
to label variables without providing any
quantitative value. It is the simplest form of a
scale of measure. Unlike ordinal data,
nominal data cannot be ordered and cannot be
measured.
Example:
What color hair do you have?
 Brown
 Blonde
 Black
What's your nationality?
 American
 German
 Japanese
7.) Interval - is a type of data which is
measured along a scale, in which each point is
placed at an equal distance (interval) from one equal distance between adjacent values. While it
another. Interval data is one of the two types
of discrete data.
Example: VS Example:
- The difference between 1 o’clock and 2
o’clock is the same as that between 2 o’clock
and 3 o’clock
- According to psychological studies, one
cannot have zero IQ. Also, IQ is determined
using a fixed measurement scale.
Example:
-Number of children in a household.
- A runner records the distance he runs each day in
miles.
Ordinal- is classified into
categories within
a variable that have a natural rank order. However, the
distances between the categories are uneven or
unknown.
Example:
Ordinal Data Rank
VS Expertise
Income
Ratio - is a form of quantitative (numeric) data. It
measures variables on a continuous scale, with an
shares these features with interval data (another type
of quantitative data), a distinguishing property of ratio
data is that it has a 'true zero.
-The person with $80 has four times as much as the
person with $20.
- You collect data on the commute duration of
employees in a large city.