Antipolo City

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STATANA– Statistical Analysis with Software Application
3rd Term, SY 2020-2021

SEATWORK NO. 1 50
Name: Ocampo, Paulline Joy S. Date: 5-23-2021

Section: BSAC01 Term: 3 SY: 2020 - 2021 Time:

Directions: Using the available resources in the school’s online library

https://lrc.benilde.edu.ph/ , answer the following.

1. What is statistics?
 The question "What is statistics?" can be answered in a number of ways. One of the
few examples of its definition, “Statistics is the art of learning from data. It is
concerned with the collection of data, its subsequent description, and its analysis,
which often leads to drawing conclusions” (Ross 1996, p. 5). The basic definition of
statistics, it is an art or science of collecting and analysing large amounts of
numerical data, particularly for the purpose of inferring proportions in the aggregate
from those in a representative sample.

2. Why Study Statistics?

 “Statistics is the discipline concerned with the study of variability, with the study of
uncertainty and with the study of decision-making in the face of uncertainty.” It is
stated that statistics helps us in making us choose the best decision. Statistics has
been present to weigh down the probability of each of our choices. Seeing the
importance of statistics if it weren’t present we would be having a difficulty in
decision-making.

3. What are the challenges facing professionals using statistics? Give at least 2 and explain.
 Shortage of statisticians is a worsening problem. Since statistics is labour-intensive,
it requires a lot of statisticians in gathering and analysing data. Due to a scarcity of
qualified statisticians, applicants for statistics jobs may lack the necessary
combination of skills for a skilled statistical position.
 Legitimacy and Integrity. In gathering data, there are some participants that gives
misleading information.

4. Define the following:

a. Observation
 Observation is a data collection process in which researchers observe a
particular research area. It's also known as an unobtrusive form.
b. Variable
 In research, variables are any characteristics with multiple values, such as
height, age, species, or exam score. We always want to investigate the
impact of one variable on another in scientific research.
c. Data Set
 A data set is a series of data that is arranged in a specific order. The data
set may be a collection of tables, schema, and other objects that are used
to handle the data.
d. Independent Variables
 A variable that describes a quantity that is being manipulated in an
experiment is referred to as an independent variable.
e. Dependent Variables
 A dependent variable is a value that is determined by the manipulations.
 f. Sample
 A sample is a collection of individuals, objects, or items selected for
measurement from a larger population.
g. Census
 A census is a method of gathering, measuring, and recording data on
members of a population in a systematic manner.
h. Population
 A population can be described as a large group of people, organizations,
artifacts, and so on who share common characteristics that pique a
researcher's interest.
i. Parameters
 It's a value that tells you something about a whole population, as
opposed to a number, which just tells you about a small portion of it.
j. Statistics
 The art or science of collecting and analysing large amounts of numerical
data, particularly for the purpose of inferring proportions in the
aggregate from those in a representative sample.

5. What are the types of data? Define and give at least 2 examples each.
 Qualitative Data. It is a collection of information that cannot be
quantified numerically. Categorical data is another name for it. It usually
consists of words and narratives, which we labelled with titles. Examples:
 Hair colour- black, brown, red
 Opinion- agree, disagree, neutral
 Quantitative Data. It is a collection of data collected from a group of
people, which involves statistical data analysis. Quantitative data is also
known as numerical data. Examples:
 We can measure the height (1.70 meters), distance (1.35
miles) with the help of a ruler or tape.
 We can measure water (1.5 litres) with a jug.

6. What are the levels of measurement? Explain and give at least 2 examples each.
 Nominal Data. It's used to mark variables that don't have a numerical value
or an order. Example:
o What languages do you speak?
o What’s your nationality?
 Ordinal Data. It is nearly identical to nominal data, except in terms of order,
as their categories can be sorted into first, second, third, and so on. Example:
o Opinion
o Time of day
 Interval Data. It is determined and ordered by proximity, but there is no
meaningful zero. Example:
o Temperature (°C or F, but not Kelvin)
o Dates (1066, 1492, 1776, etc.)
 Ratio Data. It is calculated and ordered with equidistant items and a
meaningful zero, and it will never be negative, as is the case with interval
results. Example:
o Age (from 0 years to 100+)
o Temperature (in Kelvin, but not °C or F)

7. What are the different sampling procedure? Explain each.

 Random sampling. It is the equivalent of placing everyone's name in a hat and
pulling many names from it. Each population variable has an equal chance of
occurrence. Although this is the preferred method of sampling, it can be
challenging. It necessitates obtaining a comprehensive list of all population
elements.
  Systematic sampling. It is less time consuming than random sampling. The list of
elements is "counted off" in systematic sampling. To put it another way, every
kth element is taken. This is close to lining everybody up and counting off
"1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; 1,2,3,4; All
people numbered 4 will be used until the numbering was completed.
 Convenience sampling. While it's simple to do, it's probably the worst technique
to employ. The data that is readily available is used in convenience sampling.
That is, the surveyor's first encounters.
 Cluster sampling. This is done by splitting the population into groups, which are
typically geographically based. Clusters or blocks are the names given to these
classes. The clusters are chosen at random, and each variable in those clusters is
used.
 Stratified sampling. Stratification divides the population into distinct classes.
This time, however, it is due to a trait rather than geography. Males and females,
for example, may be isolated from the population. Random, systematic, or
convenience sampling is used to collect a sample from each of these strata.

8. What are the different sources of data? Explain each.

 Primary data. It is details gathered by the surveyor on the spot. The
information gathered is pure and original, and it was gathered for a particular
reason. They've never been subjected to any kind of statistical analysis
before. The information gathered could also be made public.
 Secondary data. It is the exact opposites of primary data. They've already
been compiled and published. They can be used as a data base, and
surveyors can use them to gather data and perform research. Secondary data
is impure in the sense that it has received at least one statistical treatment.

References:
Abdel-Raouf, F., & Donnelly, R. (2016). Statistics, 3E [E-book]. Alpha.
Fienberg, S. E. (2014). What Is Statistics? Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application,
1(1), 1–9.