Statistics - is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing

information.
Statistics – is about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusions.
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,
Summarizing, and analyzing information to draw
Conclusions or answer questions. In addition,
Statistics is about providing a measure of confidence
In any conclusions.
FIELD OF STATISTICS:
Mathematical Statistics – The study and
Development of statistical theory and methods
In the abstract.
Applied Statistics – The application of
Statistical methods to solve real problems involving randomly generated data.

SOME TERMS IN STATISTICS:

Universe is the set of all entities under study.
Population – is the total or entire group of individuals or observations from which
information is desired by a researcher.
Individual – is a person or object that is a member of the population being studied.
Statistic – is a numerical summary of a Sample.
Sample – is the subset of the population.
Parameter – is a numerical summary of a Population
TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS:
Descriptive Statistics – consist of organizing and summarizing data. Describe data
through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs.
Inferential Statistics – uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to
the population, and measure the reliability of the result.

Examples of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics:

DS - Suppose 39 of the 50 students stated that they would return the money to the
owner. We could present this result by saying that the percent of students in the
survey who would return the money to the owner is 78%

IF – Inferential statistics includes a level of Confidence in the results. So rather

than saying that 78% of all students would return the money, we might say that we
are 95% confident that between 74% and 82% of all students would return the
money.

PURPOSE OF STATISTICS:
•Identify the research objective.
•Collect the information needed to answer the questions.
•Organize and summarize the information.
•Draw conclusion from the information.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES:
Variables - are the characteristics of the individuals within the population.
Qualitative Variables – It is a word or a code that represents a class or category.
Quantitative Variables – takes on numerical values representing an amount or
quantity.

Discrete variables - is a quantitative variable that either a finite number of

possible values or a countable number of possible values. If you count to get the
value of a quantitative variable.
Continuous variables – is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of
possible values that are not countable. If you measure to get the value of a
quantitative variable
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT:
Nominal Level – They are sometimes called categorical scales or categorical data.
Such a scale classifies persons or objects into two or more categories.

Ordinal Level – This involves data that may be arranged in some order, but
differences between data values either cannot be determined or meaningless.

Interval Level – This is a measurement level not only classifies and orders the
measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the

scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval.
Ratio Level – A ratio scale represents the highest, most precise, level of
measurement.. It has the properties of the interval level of measurement and the
ratios of the values of the variable have meaning.

EXAMPLE: