STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

WITH SOFTWARE
APPLICATION
 STATISTICS
◦ Statistics plays a major role in many aspects of our lives
◦ Understanding statistical methods will provide you with the ability to analyze
and critique studies and the opportunity to become an informed consumer of
information
◦ Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing
information to draw conclusions or answer questions. In addition, statistics is
about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusions.
 Let’s break this definition into four parts

◦ statistics involves the collection of information

◦ organization and summarization of information.
◦ the information is analyzed to draw conclusions or answer specific
questions.
◦ t results should be reported using some measure that represents how
convinced we are that our conclusions reflect reality.
 Field of Statistics

◦ Mathematical Statistics- The study and development of statistical

theory and methods in the abstract. (Distribution theory)
◦ Applied Statistics- The application of statistical methods to solve
real problems involving randomly generated data and the
development of new statistical methodology motivated by real
problems.
 Limitation of Statistics

◦ Statistics is not suitable to the study of qualitative phenomenon.

◦ Statistics does not study individuals.
◦ Statistical laws are not exact.
◦ Statistics table may be misused
◦ Statistics is only, one of the methods of studying a problem.
◦ Universe is the set of all entities under study.
◦ Population is the total or entire group of individuals or observations from which
information is desired by a researcher
◦ individual is a person or object that is a member of the population being studied.
◦ statistic is a numerical summary of a sample.
◦ Sample is the subset of the population.
◦ Descriptive statistics consist of organizing and summarizing data. Descriptive statistics
describe data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs. (measure of central
tendency)
◦ Inferential statistics uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the
population, and measure the reliability of the result.
◦ A parameter is a numerical summary of a population
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
1. Identify the research objective.
◦ A researcher must determine the question(s) he or she wants answered. The question(s) must clearly identify the population that is
to be studied. Identify the research objective.

2. Collect the information needed to answer the questions.

◦ Conducting research on an entire population is often difficult and expensive, so we typically look at a sample. This step is vital to
the statistical process, because if the data are not collected correctly, the conclusions drawn are meaningless. Do not overlook the
importance of appropriate data collection

3. Organize and summarize the information.

Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to obtain an overview of the data and can help determine the type of statistical methods
the researcher should use.
 PROCESS OF STATISTICS
4. Draw conclusion from the information.
In this step the information collected from the sample is generalized to the
population. Inferential statistics uses methods that takes results obtained from a
sample, extends them to the population, and measures the reliability of the
result.
 DISTINCTION BETWEEN QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
◦ Variables are the characteristics of the individuals within the population.

Variables can be classified into two groups:

Qualitative variables (Categorical) is variable that yields categorical responses.
It is a word or a code that represents a class or category.
Quantitative variables (Numeric) takes on numerical values representing an
amount or quantity.
 DISTINCTION BETWEEN DISCRETE AND
CONTINUOUS
◦ A discrete variable is a quantitative variable that either a finite number of
possible values or a countable number o
◦ A continuous variable is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of
possible values that are not countable. If you measure to get the value of a
quantitative variable, it is continuous.
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