10th Grade

Introduction
to STATISTICS
 STATISTICS
It is a branch of mathematics
that deals with the collection,
organization, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of
data.
• Collection refers to the process of gathering
data or information.
Collection
• Organization and Presentation refers to
summarizing data into tables, graphs, or
A pound of pears costs $1.30. Tony
charts.
bought a pound and a half of pears. If
he gave the clerk a $5.00 bill, how
• Analysis
much changerefers to describing the data using
will he get back?

statistical methods and procedures.

• Interpretation refers to the process of drawing
conclusions based on the analyzed data.
 Two Major Areas of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

It is defined as the It refers to making

collection, decisions and
presentation, and drawing conclusions
description of about populations .

sample data.
 Application of Statistics

statistical tools are used to get the information on

Education enrollment, finance, facilities, grading system, etc.

statistics are gathered to guide the officials in

Government managing the affairs of the state.

Medicine methods of statistical designs of experiments are

significant. The causes and effects of factors which
and Physical affect experiments are best evaluated using statistical
Science tools.
 Application of Statistics

Psychologists are able to understand human

Psychology behavior better if they are able to gather and
interpret data on different tests.

Statistics is used in the study of the conditions of

the society. In order to improve a society,
Sociology different observations must be done, and with
proper analysis and interpretation, it may result to
a positive action that will benefit the
people.
 Application of Statistics

Statistics plays an important role in the financial

Business transactions and marketing of new products,
forecasting of business trends, controlling the
quality of goods produced.

Statistics are taken and recorded. These records

Sports help to keep track of succeeding performances
for comparison.
 Population
A complete collection of all elements to be studied.

Sample
A subcollection of elements drawn from a population.

Census
A collection of data from every element in a population.
 Classifications of Data
Data is the information we gather about the sample or the
population.

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
refers to the attributes or refers to the numerical information
characteristics of the gathered about the samples. It can
be subjected to the arithmetic
samples. operations.
 2 Types Quantitative of Data

Discrete These are values of the variables

obtained through the process of
Data counting. It can only have specific
values. “countable”

Continuous These are values of the variables

obtained through the process of
Data counting. It can only have specific
values. “measurable”
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
 Data Collection
1) Survey
a. Interview – it is a direct method of gathering data
because this is done when a person requires a face-to-
face inquiry from another person.
b. Questionnaire – it is an indirect method of gathering
data because this makes use of questionnaires to be
answered by respondents. This is used when the
interview method is a difficult one to use.
 Data Collection
2) Observation of Outcome of Events – This
method makes use of the different human senses in
gathering information.
3) Experiment – This method is usually conducted in
laboratories where specimens are subjected to
some aspects of control to find out cause and effect
relationships.
 Data Collection

4) Publication – This is where secondary

data are gathered, like newspapers,
journals, books, encyclopedia,
magazines, or thesis of other researches,
etc.
 Measures of Measures of
Central Tendency Variability

• Range
• Mean • Mean Deviation
• Median • Variance
Standard
• Mode •
Deviation
 Choosing Appropriate Statistical
Measures
• For qualitative data, the mode is the only one
of the three that makes sense.
• For quantitative data, mean or median is
often preferred over the mode as a measure
of center because the value that occurs most
frequently may not be located near the center
of the data set.
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
It is the most reliable and is commonly used
when the data is symmetrical, meaning, there is no
extreme high or low in the numbers, or when the
data do not contain outliers. Outliers are values that
don’t fit the rest of the data or values that are far
away from other data values. Therefore, use the
mean when the range is not great.
 Measures of Central Tendency
Median
It is commonly used when the data is
asymmetrical, meaning, there is an extreme
high or low in numbers, or when the data
contains outliers. It is not affected by the values
of data but by the number of data. This works for
ordinal, interval, and ratio data. Therefore, use
the median when the range is great.
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
It is commonly used when the data are not
numbers. It is referred to as the most frequent value
in a given set of data. This is the only appropriate
measure for nominal data, but still, it can also be
used for ordinal, interval and ratio data. Mode,
however, is unstable. Therefore, use the mode when
you want the most frequent item or number in a list
of data.
 Measures of Variability

• Range - The range (R) is the simplest

measure of variability and is based on two
extreme values.
• Mean Deviation - This is the average of the
sum of the absolute difference of each
measure from the mean. This gives a better
approximation than the range.
 Measures of Variability

• Variance – The variance (𝑆 2 ) is the

expectation of the squared deviation of
a random variable from its mean.
Informally, it measures how far a set of
numbers is spread out from their
average value.
 Measures of Variability

• Standard Deviation –The standard

deviation (S) is the most important measure of
dispersion. It is a measure of the amount of
variation or dispersion of a set of values, which
also allows us to immediately compare the
spread of different sets of scores. The smaller the
standard deviation is, the less varied.
 Measures of Variability

• Standard Deviation – This is the measure of

dispersion, which depends upon the distance
from the mean to each of the scores in the
distribution. If all the observations are of
equal values, the standard deviation is zero.
This is also basically the square root of the
variance.