METHODS

OF
TEACHING
DEFINITION
 Teaching Method refer to the orderly , logical course of
action taken to accomplish a particular educational goal

 Teaching-Learning method will help the teacher to conduct

teaching in an agreeable, student friendly and successful
manner by initiating and maintaining link between the
subject matter and the student
 CLASSIFICATON OF TEACHING
METHOD
1. Based on the dominance enjoyed by the teacher or learner
a) TEACHER - CENTERED METHOD -- Lecture, Demonstration ,Bed
Side clinic
b) LEARNER - CENTERD METHOD -- Role Play , Project, Group
Discussions
2. Depending on no of students
a) LARGE GROUP METHOD -- Lecture, Panel Discussion
b) SMALL GROUP METHOD –- Bed Side Teaching, Demonstration
c) INDIVIDUAL METHODS -- Case Study, assignments, Self-instruction
modules
 GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF
TEACHING METHODS
 Methods should be
 Suited to objectives and contents of the subject matter
 Suit to the level of students
 Based on sound psychological principles
 Suit to teacher’s style
 Should rely on his or her strength or assets while selecting
teaching methods
 Should address the challenges
 Should consider the available resources
METHODS OF TEACHING

 LECTURE METHOD  EXHIBITION

 DEMONSTRATION  PROJECT
 GROUP DISCUSSION  FIELD TRIP
 SEMINAR  WORKSHOP
 SYMPOSIUM  PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
 PANEL DISCUSSION  COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING
 MICROTEACHING  CASE METHOD
 ROLE PLAY  BED SIDE CLINIC
 SIMULATION  NURSING ROUNDS AND REPORTS
 CONFERENCE
 LECTURE METHOD

 Lecture is a teaching activity whereby the teacher presents

the content in a comprehensible manner by explaining the
facts, principles and relationship during which the teacher is
expected to elicit student participation by employing
appropriate techniques
Lecture method should be
 L : Lively

 E : Educative

 C : Creative

 T : Thought provoking

 U : Understanding

 R : Relevant

 E : Enjoyable
 PURPOSES OF TEACHING
 To provide structural knowledge

 To motivate and guide in hunting knowledge

 To arouse students interest in a subject

 Introduce students to new area of learning

 To clarify difficult concepts

 To assist in preparing students for discussions

 To promote critical thinking

 LECTURING TECHNIQUES
1. Voluntary dissemination of information or spontaneity.

2. Voice gradation and voice quality

3. Proper body language.

4. Control annoying mannerisms

5. Judicious use of audio visual aids

6. Simple plans and key points.

7. Elicit feedback from students.

8. Providing further clarification

9. Time management

10. Adequate Pacing

 GUIDELINES FOR LECTURE METHOD

 The lecture should be well prepared

 Establish good rapport with students

 Presentation should be clear, audible with appropriate gestures and eye

contact

 Presentation should be in an well organized manner

 A.V aids should be used whenever necessary

 Appropriate examples should be used as illustrations

 Time should be provided at the end of class for questions and

clarifications

 Use of alternative language for better understanding of main points

 ADVANTAGES

 Teacher has complete control over the content and can develop the
presentation according to her plan

 Can plan the presentation in advance

 Can present the information in a formal and direct manner

 Can be used to meet learning needs of any group of students

 Gives opportunity for clarification

 ADVANTAGES
 More economical – in very short time large volume of
knowledge can be shared and students get information
just by attending lecture than by reading or netsurfing

 Can be presented to a large group at one time (1:200)

 Enhances listening capacity of students

 DISADVANTAGES
A. It is a passive method for students

B. Lack of students participation results in loss of exchange of ideas

C. Teachers can present content without adequate preparation

D. May not interest all the members of audience

E. Teacher may give superficial ideas because of lack of expertise

F. More content may be covered but less learning my take place

G. Difficult to know the real reaction of students

DEMONSTRATION
DEMONSTRATION
 DEMONSTRATION

 Demonstration is defined as visualized explanation

of facts , concepts and procedures

 This is a formal presentation that illustrates how to

perform an procedure

 Teacher teaches with exhibition and explanation

PHASES OF DEMONSTRATION

1. PLANNING/PREPARATION PHASE

2. PERFORMANCE PHASE

3. EVALUATION PHASE
PHASES /GUIDELINES FOR GOOD DEMONSTRATION

BEFORE
 It should be planned and teacher prepares herself
 The demonstrator must try the activity several times before the real
demonstrations  smooth sequencing of the steps as well as accuracy of
the result.
 Equipment should be visible to the whole group
 All equipment should be placed in order and check its working condition
 Purpose / objective of demonstration should be defined before the
procedure
 Split the demonstration into appropriate steps to follow easily
 PHASES /GUIDELINES FOR GOOD
DEMONSTRATION
 The observers must be prepared and motivated.
 The demonstrator must be ready with on-the-spot revision/s.
 Arrange the observers around the demonstration area or at a
distance where they will be able to observe fully what is going on.
 Prepare a checklist regarding article and steps
 If demonstration involves pt or mock pt ensure the comfort and
safety and obtain consent
 Questions may be given to focus students’ attention and avoid
irrelevant observations
 Preparation of procedure manual
 PHASES /GUIDELINES FOR GOOD DEMONSTRATION

DURING
1. The place must be quiet.
2. Maintain positive approach by telling what to do rather than
what not to do
3. Extreme care must be taken in performing steps with running
comments
4. The activity must not be interrupted.
5. Students are allowed to take down short notes or record some
data.
 PHASES /GUIDELINES FOR GOOD
DEMONSTRATION
 Proceed from whole to part
 Explain the names of articles and its purpose
 Make sure students understood each step
 Teach care of articles after procedure
 Show the documentation

AFTER
1. Ask some questions / discuss to assess learning
2. Students should be given opportunity for prompt practice
of procedure
 ADVANTAGES
1. The demonstration method follows a systematic procedure.
2. The use of expensive equipment and machines will be maximized
3. Possible wastage of time, effort and resources will be avoided since the
demonstration is supposed to be well- planned in advance
4. Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled among the students
5. Activates several senses that make learning permanent
6. Helps to achieve psychomotor objectives
7. Corelates theory and practice
8. The value of confidence is developed among the demonstrators for such
hands-on demonstration
9. Increases leadership and self-confidence among demonstrators
 Disadvantages

1. Number of students is limited

2. Keeps the students in passive situation

3. There might have a scarcity of equipment

4. Can only be used in skill subject

5. High cost in personnel and time

DISCUSSIO
N
 Introduction

The term group discussion stand for the discussion

held within the group, i.e. interchange of ideas

between students and the teacher or among a

group of students.
DEFINITION

Discussion is a cooperative,
problem solving activity seeks a
consensus regarding the solution of
problem
 COMPOSITION OF GROUP

1) GROUP LEADER – Key person. Regulating, guiding the discussion

2) GROUP RECORDER - Records the salient features of the discussion

3) GROUP OBSERVER - Use the record in analyzing the behavior of

group and in making suggestions as to ways in which gp can act
differently and thereby improve it effectively

4) GROUP MEMBERS - Consist of 15 -20 members to keep the discussion

moving to the goal
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 There should be clearly defined objectives which is understood by all the
participants

 There should be leader to guide and coordinate proceedings

 The main points in the discussion should be recorded

 Everyone should feel free to participate

 Shy persons should be encouraged to participate

 All points of view should be fairly considered

 The discussion should be closed properly with a report, decision,

recommendation or summing up of matter discussed

 The members of group should come with basic knowledge of the topic to be
discussed
 General instruction
 1) Speak clearly, concise and not repeat yourself.

 2) Speak audibly, if you do not understand, ask them to clarify in a

polite manner.

 3) Have to speak in a proper tone, not be harsh.

 4) If you do not speak in an intelligent manner, other member

assume that you are unintelligent.

 5) If a statement has to be disagreed, do it in a manner that is

tactful.

 6) Avoid using technical terms that are not understood by the group.
 FORMS OF DISCUSSIONS

FOR SMALL GROUP FOR LARGE GROUP

 Seminar  Panel Discussion
 Role Play  Symposium
 Clinical Conference
 Case Analysis
 Class Group Discussion
CLASSROOM DISCUSSION TECHNIQUE

A. PROPER PLANNING

B. PREPARING STUDENTS FOR DISCUSSION

C. DISCUSSION GUIDING TECHNIQUE

 ADVANTAGES

 1) Active participation of students.

 2) Acceptance of students opinion and suggestions enhances

their self-esteem

 3) Motivates to listen but at the same time can speak like a

leader.

 4)Student develop skill in critical thinking, self confidence,

ability to compare and contrast, problem solving and social skills
etc.

 5) It teaches student not to accept any idea blindly.

 6) Motivates students for group activities & cooperative task.

 7)To share and clarify information

 Disadvantages

 1) It is time consuming

 2) Require more space than lecture.

 3) Group discussion may go out of track.

 4) It is difficult to monitor the progress of many small group.

 5) When dominant members are not controlled it can affect

the other member participation

 6) Success of the discussion depends mainly on the

preparation of students. If not Can achieve nothing except
only verbal exchange between students

 7) Discussion become less efficient if the members of students

exceeds 20
SEMINAR
 DEFINITION OF SEMINAR

A seminar is an instructional technique involves generating a situation

for a group to have guided interaction among themselves on different

aspects or components of a topic, which is generally presented by one

or more members

Seminar is a discussion based on information presented by experts

under the guidance of an eminent resource person for the benefit of

group
 CLASSIFICATION OF SEMINAR

Based on the level of organization

 Mini : Conducted in class room  One student presents a particular topic

or problem and the group will conduct a detailed discussion based on
presentation under the guidance of teacher

 Main: Departmental and institutional level

 National

 International
 PERSONNEL INVOLVED INSEMINAR

1) Organizers

2) Chairman

3) Speaker

4) Audience
 ROLE OF organizers
 Organizers decides the topic of seminar

 Topic are R/T current trends or recent developments

 Objectives are formulated

 Search and select the eminent person as chairperson who is well versed in
concerned topic

 Modifies the objectives in consultation with chairperson if required and select

speakers

 Date and time is fixed accd to their convenient

 In large scale seminars (national/international) from various committees like

invitation, finance ,academic committee etc and co-ordinate effectively

 Distribution of study material to participants one or 2 wks before seminar

 ROLE OF CHAIRPERSON
 Chair person should possess in-depth knowledge regarding the
topic

 Guide the seminar in a fruitful manner

 Seminar begins with an introductory speech by him  It

involves justifies the topic selection by highlighting relevance
and importance

 Introduces the speakers by highlighting their achievements

 Invites speaker according the order

 ROLE OF CHAIRPERSON
 When speaker completes his speech , CP gives a brief summary of it
and invites next speaker

 Once all speaker completes chairperson open the discussion by

inviting participants to come out with clarification, doubts and
contributions

 Clarifies the doubts when necessary

 Ends seminar with concluding note, summarizes whole information

exchanged and congratulates the organizers, speakers and
participants
 ROLE OF SPEAKER

1. Preparation of the topics

Prepare and handover the study material to organizers

in advance

2. Presentation of the topics

Present in interesting and comprehensible manner with

suitable A.V aids
 ROLE OF PARTICIPANT

 Objectives of seminars are framed accd to the learning

needs of the participants

 They have to prepare themselves well in advance

 Utilize the discussion session by asking questions and

seeking clarification
 ADVANTAGES OF SEMINAR

 1. Seminar helps students to increase responsibilities.

 2. It helps to do thorough study on subject.

 3. It helps to improve leadership qualities.

 4. It is an effective method of problem solving.

 5. It will help to improve curriculum.

 DISADVANTAGES

 1. It is useful only for upper division students.

 2. Proper planning is needed to arrange seminar.

 3.Members must come prepared with material for

presentation and discussion.
SYMPOSIUM
 DEFINITION

Symposium is a method of group discussion in which different

view points or opinions regarding single aspect or component of
topic is discussed under the direction of chairman.

 Indian politics is the reason behind the country’s backwardness. Yes or no?
 Voters must be given a NOTA (None Of The Above) choice. Yes or no?
 Does dress code really matter at educational institutions?
 How safe are our kids in Indian schools?
PURPOSES

 To investigate a problem from several view points

 To boost students ability to speak in group

 TECHNIQUES
 1. Success depends largely on personnel involved.

 2. Experts in various field experiences can yield more

information.

 3. Good planning and organization.

 4. All the members should know the objectives.

 ADVANTAGES
 It is well suited to a large group or classes.

 This method helps to discuss broad topics at organization

meetings

 Gives proper insight into the topic

 This method can be used in political meetings

 DISADVANTAGES
1. No discussion among symposia members.

2. Topics should be given by chairperson.

3. Inadequate opportunity for all the students to participate.

4. Speakers are limited to 15 to 20 min.

5. Absence of rehearsal of the program

 PANEL
DISCUSSION
 INTRODUCTION

 Panel discussion is discussion in which 4 to 8 qualified personnel sit

and discuss the topic in front of large group or audience.

 Panel discussion has a chairperson (moderator) and 4 to 8 speakers.

 The success of the panel discussion depends upon the chairperson as

he the who has to keep the discussion going and develop train of
thought.
 PANEL DISCUSSION TECHNIQUE
 1. One chairperson and 4-8 speakers sit in front of large audience.

 2. Chairperson opens the meeting, welcomes the group and introduces

panel speakers.

 3. Topic is introduced briefly by chairperson and then invites the panel

speakers to present their view.

 4. There is no specific agenda, no order of speaking & no set of

speeches.

 5. Chairperson opens the discussion for audience by inviting them to

participate in discussion.
 ADVANTAGES
 1. It is an extremely effective method of education, if it is
properly planned.

 2. Information reaches to a large number of audience.

 3. It allows experts to present different opinions.

 4. It provokes better discussion.

 DISADVANTAGES

 Experts may not be good speakers.

 Personalities may overshadow content.
 Subject may not be in logical order.
 Overlapping of the topic may occur b’coz of
informal presentation style
EXAMPLE FOR PANEL DISCUSSION
Introduction of theme and history of world cancer day.

Why cancer day is celebrated. Current trends and issues in oncology nursing,
themes of cancer, myths and facts related to cancer.
Types of cancer, causes and sign and symptoms of cancer.

Tumour markers, diagnostic evaluation, TNM classification.

Screening and prevention of cancer.

Management of cancer and global scenario.

Summarization of each theme/topic.

ROLE PLAY
 INTRODUCTION TO ROLE PLAY

Role playing is a dramatization based on a

particular theme. It helps students to experience
the situation emotionally and to develop insight. It
also encourage thinking and creativity.
DEFINITION

Role play is the spontaneous acting out of a clearly

defined situation/roles, usually done in front of a group

with time allotted at conclusion for discussion and used to

practice real life situation.

 PURPOSES OF ROLE PLAY
 To convey information.

 To develop specific skills.

 To involve everybody to work co-operatively for a common goal

 To try new behaviors in the presence of co-learners

 To experience the situation emotionally and to develop insight

 To encourage creative thinking

 To provide awareness about social and psychological issues

STEPS OF ROLE PLAY

There are 4 seps. They are:

1. PLANNING PHASE.

2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE.

3. EVALUATION PHASE

4. SUMMARIZE PHASE
PLANNING PHASE

During the planning phase the following points are to be

considered.

1. SELECTING A PROBLEM FOR A ROLE.

2. SET UP THE ROLE PLAY SCENE.

3. GETTING UNDERWAY IN ROLE PLAY.

 PLANNING PHASE
1.SELECTING A PROBLEM

1.The group leader recognizes a problem that can be effectively

role played and suggests it to the group.
2.Thegroup can list problems on the blackboard and decide
problem they want work out

2.SET UP ROLE PLAY SCENE

1.The group should come to a clear agreement on the chief

objectives to be realized in role planning.
2.Thegroup must determine : what characters are to be involved,
The attitudes and personality of the character, the setting of the
story
 PLANNING PHASE

3. GETTING UNDERWAY IN ROLE PLAY

1. • The role takers are usually go out of the room and are given a

few minutes to warm up or get a feeling of the roles they are

about to play.

2. • Specify names other than their own, should be used to get

them into their roles.

 IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION OF A ROLE
PLAY

1. As the audience observers constitute the heart of role playing,

consider their opinion as an important feedback.

2. Feed back is sought as to how did the group think the role was
handled, what were the good points of action, or what were the poor
points or omissions.

3. Role playing observers: This might be played by different people so

that there might be a comparison of the behaviors of different people.
SUMMARIZE PHASE

 The leader sums up to the group chief points or principles

which have come out in the playing and

 The comments of the observers

 The comments on specific problems should be taken under

consideration
 ADVANTAGES
 1. It provide opportunity to practice new skills

 2. It help in group problem solving as it arouse the interest in a

problem

 3. It help to develop sensitivity to another feeling

 4. It encourages students in independent thinking

 5. It promotes activity and interest in students

 6. It instills confidence in the students.

 DISADVANTAGES

 1. It is time consuming

 2. Requires careful planning, preparation, rehearsal

 3. Learners may have difficulty in their roles

 4. Group members may be too shy in participating

 5. Role playing should not be used when pressure of time is

present and when students have no background knowledge
about the defined situation
 RI P
D T
IE L
F
INTRODUCTION

 It is the method of an education tour and is organized

for a group to have first hand information through
direct observation about place ,objects.
 DEFINITION

Field trip is an educational procedure by which the learners

obtain first hand information by observing places, objects,
phenomena and processes in their natural setting.
PURPOSE
 To provide real life situations for the first hand information.

 To supplement classroom instruction

 To serve as a means of arousing specific interest in materials ,

objects , places or processes.

 To create teaching situation for cultivating ,observations ,

keenness and discovery.

 To serve as a mean to develop positive attitudes, values and

special skills
 ORAGNIZATION AND
PROCEDURE OF FIELDTRIP
 PREPLANNING
 ACTUAL CONDUCT OF THE TRIPS
 EVALUATION
 PREPLANNING
It is done by
 •Teachers
 •Students

 Decide on the trip.

 Know the resources
 Obtain administrative sanction of schools and colleges
 Obtain permission , data and time
 Visit and know the resources , inform the objectives.
 Arrange transport , time , date
 Prepare the students with theoretical base.

 Formulate the objectives

 List down specific information to be obtained

 Formulate questions to be asked to be asked to the guide and prepare guide sheet.

 If a large group , divide and allot specific jobs.

 Brief them , equipment or accessories needed , date and time of transport , actual
locations , conduct and behaviour during the trip , safety to be observed .
ACTUAL CONDUCT OF THE TRIP

 Follow the schedule

 Strictly follow safety precautions

 Observe and collect information needed

 Collect study materials if provided

 Observe formalities and extend courtesies.

 Point to remember : trip should follow in an orderly manner

 Do not cause disturbance to the organization

EVALUATION PHASE

 Should be done as early as possible .

 Students write a report with the observations on effectiveness of

the trip and difficulties faced.

 Teacher evaluates the reports by the students.

 Teacher prepares an evaluation and along with specific

observations from the students maintains a record which can be
referred later.

 Conduct discussion with the students

 ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE FOR
FIELD VISIT

 Knowledge : The teacher has to survey the area to know whether the
field visit planned will contribute to the attainment of desired
objectives .
 Rapport : The teacher should establish and maintain cordial relations
with those in charge of the situations to be visited.
 Objectives : It should be stated carefully and completely. The learning
activities have to be selected and it should contribute for the attainment
of objectives .
 Time and Transportations : Necessary arrangements have to be made
with the administrative personnel of the place to be visited regarding the
time , place of meeting and the length of visit.
 ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE
FOR
FIELD VISIT
 Preparations of the students : Students should be given an
opportunity to list cooperatively the objectives for which the trip
is planned. Directions to be given , on the procedure to be
followed in the observations and the special points to note.

 Supervision : Trip should be supervised carefully.

 Follow up and evaluation : An hour should be allotted for an

open discussion. It can be done by means of students reports .
VALUES OF THE FIELD TRIP

 It provides opportunity in learning attitudes and positive values i.e.

cooperation, discipline.

 They correlate and blend school life with the outside world,
providing direct touch with persons and with community
situations.

 It provides opportunity in learning and acquiring skills i.e.

observations communications, critical thinking and social skills
DISADVANTAGES OF FIELD TRIP

 Field trip is time consuming

 Careful planning is required

 Many parties to be involved , cooperation, coordination of various

agencies required

 Transportations may be problem

 Since the students are going out of school / college premises it are
risky, safety precautions essentials
THANK YOU
DEFINITION

• “A bedside clinic is a process in which a clinical teacher and a

group of learners sees a patient, elicits or verifies physical signs,
discusses provisional diagnosis, diagnostic or therapeutic options in
the clinical setting”.
GABERSON
PHASES / STEPS

• 1. INTRODUCTION PHASE.
• 2. THE DISCUSSION PHASE.
• 3. EVALUATION PHASE.
INTRODUCTION PHASE

 A prior permission is sought from the patient and the

relatives for conducting bedside clinic.

 The information thus collected are kept confidential.

 The instructor gives a brief account regarding the name of a

patient, venue and other details so as to help the students to
study the case sheet in advance before discussion takes place
DISCUSSION PHASE

The discussion is initiated by the instructor or the

student who is responsible for the patient care.
 The patient may contribute to the discussion group
if he chooses depending on his condition.
 The students are allowed to interact with the patient

for further clarifications.

The discussion phase may take about 30 – 45
minutes of time
EVALUATION PHASE

 Once the interaction is over, the patient is set free.

 Further the students discuss on doubts and can clarify.
 The bedside clinic ends with a summary, recapitulation
of important aspects and feedback from the students.
ADVANTAGES

 Bedside clinic allows the students to prepare extensively in

advance to participate effectively in patient care.

 It helps the students to develop autonomy.

 It allows students to select patients with disease conditions of

common interest.

 Bedside clinic allows the students to develop and maintain

professional competence
DISADVANTAGES

 Bedside clinics may be an encumbrance to the patients.

 It may disturb the privacy of the patient.

 Teacher centered
NURSING
ROUNDS
INTRODUCTION

 A small group of the staff members ,not more than five and a leader
& teachers visit the bed sides of the clients.

 It helps the nursing members to know about all the patients in the
wards, their problems & ways of solving

 Nursing rounds is an excursion to patients area involving the

student learning experiences
 PURPOSES OF NURSING ROUNDS

1. To demonstrate symptoms important in nursing.

2. To clarify terminology used.

3. To compare the clients reaction to disease.

4. To demonstrate the effects of drugs.

5. To compare methods of meeting the needs.

6. To learn about disease, pattern of care, treatment.

FACTORS TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHEN
PLANNING NURSING ROUNDS

 To consult students previous clinical experience to avoid repetition &

to add to earlier experience.

 Explain the plan to the patient.

 Introduce the patient to the group.

 Have a post-conference for summary & further explanation

 Record the nursing rounds in the ward teaching records.

 ADVANTAGES OF NURSING ROUNDS

 It helps to improve the nursing care

 It helpful for staff development

 Students are motivated to learn more about nursing

management

 To improve the ability to nurture the discriminating power of

students/staffs

 Interaction with seniors members promote team spirit and

professionalism
DISADVANTAGES

 - Requires very careful planning.

 - Only small group of students/staffs can be taken at
time
 PROJECT METHOD

 Project method is one of the modern method of teaching

in which, the students point of view is given importance
in designing the curricula and content of studies. This
method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and
the principle of ‘Learning by doing’.

A project is a problematic act carried out to

completion in its natural setting
PROJECT METHOD

 According to W.H. Kilpatrick, “A project is a

wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a

social environment”.
 PROJECT METHOD

TYPES:
A. Individual
B. Group
CLASSIFICATION :
1. Production of some physical or material product (Making a
model)
2. Learning Projects ( Making a fracture bed)
3. Intellectual Project (Problem Solving)
 CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF
PROJECT

Every potential project should be studied carefully with the

following criteria in mind

 Does it have definite educational value? Is it worthwhile?

 Is it challenging and does it require a reasonable amount

of effort?

 Is it adapted to the needs and ability of the student?

 STEPS IN DEVELOPING THE PROJECT
 PROPOSING: The project should be selected by the
student with the approval of the teacher. She should be
motivated to reach her goal and directed to think her
through problem

 PLANNING: A good plan is to have the student draw up

detailed written outline of how she intends to proceed
 STEPS IN DEVELOPING THE PROJECT

 EXECUTING: It is a vital part care must be taken that the

students attention and energy are centred on values. The
project should be completed

 JUDGING: The student should be given the necessary

standards for evaluating her own work
ADVANTAGES
 It increases the interest of students
 It gives freedom of thoughts and action
 It provides for whole hearted purposeful activity
 Development of doing abilities

DISADVANTAGES
1. Topics selected may not be relevant
2. Time may not be utilized properly
 MICROTEACHING

DEFINITION
 Micro means small ,microteaching simply means

teaching in a small scale.

“ A scale down teaching encounter in class size
and class time”. (Allen 1996)
MEANING

 The short lesson is recorded on an audio or video tape recorder and

trainee gets to hear and see herself immediately after the lesson

 The pupils who attend the lesson are asked to fill in rating
questionnaires evaluating the specific aspects of the lesson

 Supervisors analysis

 All these assist the trainee in reconstructing the lesson which he then
reteaches to a new group of pupils added by improvement when she
teaches again
PURPOSE

 To help individual teacher to develop or modifying specific

teaching skill under control teaching practice through
immediate feed back.

 To bring instructional improvement by developing effective

teaching skill among teacher
CHARACTERISTICS
 1.It is real teaching that focus developing teaching skill. it
includes
 5-10 student
 Duration of 5-10 minute
 Small topic with few objectives
 Limited number of teaching skill
 2.It is highly individualized instruction.
 3.It provides immediate feed back
 4.It provides opportunity to modifying the behavior by
repeating the performance
PREREQUISITES FOR MICROTEACHING

 1.Stimulus variation - maintain the learners attention in the class

at high level.

 2.Set induction- developing rapport between student and teacher

that motivates student.

 3.Fluency in questioning- use of higher cognitive level like

comprehension, application ,analysis, synthesis etc.

 4.Recognizing attending behavior- observing the students

verbal and non verbal response to the learning situation.
PREREQUISITES FOR MICROTEACHING

 5.Lecturing – confident presentation and organized pattern

with clear, simple and audible voice.

 6.Non verbal cues- teacher behavior that encourage student

active participation in learning . eg giving smile and nodding
of head as positive reward to students response.

 7.Completing the communication- skill of following

through the full cycle of communication
PREREQUISITES FOR MICROTEACHING

 8.Reinforcing learning- praising the student for correct

response.
 9.Illustrating use of example- giving sufficient example
that are relevant to students experience

 10.Planned repetition- focusing and highlighting the main

point and providing the progressive summary.
Teaching skill

 1. Writing instructional objectives

 2.Introducing a lesson
 3.Fluencing in questioning
 4.Probing question
 5.Explaining
 6.Illustrating with example
 7.Stimulus variation
 8.Reinforcement of learning
Teaching skill

 8. Nonverbal clues
 9.Increasing student participation
 10.Using blackboard
 11.Achieving closure
 12.Recognizing attending behavior.
Step in micro teaching

1.Identifying teaching skill

  Teaching skill is identified
  The number of teaching skill to be developed or modifying.
2.Planning for teaching
  Write only few objectives that can be accomplished with in
time limit (5-10 min)
  Selection of appropriate content and teaching learning
method and media.
Step in micro teaching

 3.Implementing the plan or microteaching.

  The teacher trainee teaches the lesson to small group of
student which is observed by the teacher supervisor
and ,peers.
  If possible the teaching learning interaction is recorded on
a video recorder.
Step in micro teaching

 4.Playing back of recorded microteaching session

  The recorded teaching act is played back and studied by

the supervisor, peers and trainee himself or herself.

  If there is no provision of recording video, recorded

directly in evaluation tool.

Step in micro teaching

 5.Discussion and feed back

  Feedback should start with the strength that is observed

  Description of situation, not the judgment should be

given.
Step in micro teaching

 6.Replanning of the lesson

  Re-plan the lesson as identifying the teaching skill by

incorporating the improvement considered necessary.

 7.Repetition of teaching session

  The teaching session is repeated as in implementing the

plan or microteaching with improved teaching act
Step in micro teaching

 8.Replaying the recorded teaching act for discussion and

feedback

  The recorded microteaching session is replayed for

observation and further criticisms in step 4 and 5.
Advantages
 1.It is carried out in real classroom situation so teacher get
confidence in such situation in future.

 2.It helps competency in identified teaching skill.

 3.Play back of the recording of the actual teaching help

supervisor and peers not to depend on the recall but based their
judgment on the review of the teaching act. thus assessment
become more objective
Advantages

 5.The video recording help to student teacher to asses own

teaching.

 6.The immediate feed back also help to carryout the replanning

and re teaching to bring necessary improvement in time.

 7.It become economical, it takes comparatively short time and

reduce the complexities of the normal class room teaching
practice.
Limitation of microteaching

 1.The provision of video camera itself is an expensive learning

resource.

 2. The discussion and feed back, repetition of microteaching

till the behavior of teacher comes to an acceptable level are
very time consuming activities

 3.It can not be used in all teaching method.

 WORKSHOP

 A workshop is a meeting during which experienced people in

responsible positions come together with experts and
consultants to find solution of a problems that have cropped up
in the course of their work and that they have had difficulty in
dealing with on their own
WORKSHOP

 It is a systematic approach to deal in detail about

educational problems by means of a short meeting
A mini work shop is a short workshop lasting 3 or 4
days
 METHODOLOGY OF ARRANGING
WORKSHOP

 Select the theme on which the workshop has to be

organized.

 Resource Personnel’s consent should be obtained.

 Budget plan has to be prepared

 Confirm the date of workshop, it should not coincide public

holidays.. At least one working day will precede the opening
of the workshop
 METHODOLOGY OF ARRANGING
WORKSHOP

 Print pamphlet/hand-chart specifying the aims, registration fee,

activities programme specified.

 Choose the place, where participants can stay comfortably to

attend total activities

 Select homogeneous participants, 2 months before day of

workshop, 45 days before confirmation of participants is needed
 METHODOLOGY OF ARRANGING
WORKSHOP
.

 Written confirmation detailing the specified conditions.

 Committee of sponsors, assistant organizers, volunteers has to

be formulated.•

 Documentation, equipment, checklist, publicity, press has to be

planned.

 Coordination of activities
 PHASES OF WORKSHOP

 First Stage: The source-persons or experts are invited to

provide the awareness and understanding of the topic. This
stage is like a seminar type. The paper reading is also done
to discuss the different aspects of the theme.

 The participants are given opportunities for clarification.

 The experts provide the suitable illustration and steps for

using it in classroom teaching or education.

 This stage continues first two days of the schedule.

 PHASES OF WORKSHOP

 In the second stage the group is divided into small groups.

 The expert provides guidance and supervises their work of

each trainee of his group.

 Every participant has to work individually and independently.

 Every trainee has to complete his task within the given period.

 At the end they meet in their groups and discuss and present
their task to be completed.
 PHASES OF WORKSHOP

 In 3rd stage all groups meet at one place and present their
reports of work done at second stage.

 The participants are given opportunities to comment and

given suggestions for further improvement.

 The experts also provide suggestions on different aspects

of the reports and formalities are observed at the end of the
workshop.
 Programmed Instruction

“Programmed Instruction is a is a kind of learning in which a

PROGRAM takes the place of a tutor for the student and leads
him through set of frames of specified behaviours designed and
sequenced to make it more probable that he will behave in a
given desired way
 AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
 The main focus of programmed instruction is to bring desirable change in
cognitive domain of learner’s behaviour.

The main objectives of programmed instruction are:

  To help the students in learning by doing.

  To provide the learners situation, so that they can learn at their own pace.

  To help students to learn in the absence of a teacher.

  To help students in assessing their own performance themselves, by

comparing it with the given answers.
 STRUCTURE OF TEACHING METHOD

 Selected content is analyzed and broken into smaller elements

 Each element is independent and complete in itself.

 The programmer develops frames based on each element.

 Responses are also provided to learner, correct response of the

learner is the new knowledge or new behavior
CHARACTERISTICS

 Assumptions stated clearly in writing: A program builder has to make

certain assumptions about student to whom his program is directed

 Explicitly Stated Objectives: The program builder must determine the

goals or objectives of the learning program

 Logical Sequence of small steps: Subject matter broken into small

fragments of information and arranged in logical order (simple to
complex)

 Active Responding: It requires interaction between student and

program to prevent passiveness of program
CHARACTERISTICS

 Immediate Feedback: As soon as a student make each

response the program informs his correctness or
incorrectness

 Individual Rate: The learner decides the rate at which he

progresses through his program. He adjusts the pace of
work to his own ability
PRINCIPLES
 Principle of Objective specification

 Principle of active responding

 Principle of immediate reinforcement

 Principle of Self-Pacing

 Principle of student testing

ADVANTAGES

 Student is kept active alert.

 He / She work according his/her own schedule

 Makes the learning more interesting

 Every student can work at his own place

 It is useful in situations where the human instructions are not available

 Intellectual and some motor skills will be taught more effectively e.g.foreign
languages ,drill in spelling

 Student is immediately reinforced for correction of his response and this

reinforcement sustains the motivation of students
LIMITATIONS

 GUESSING: The learner may give the correct response without

understanding the subject matter of the frame

 Main emphasis is on change in cognitive domain not in

behavioral change.

 The programme is unable to control the student

 The cost of preparation is high, Audio-visual equipment needed

is very costly
COMPUTER
ASSISTED
LEARNING
(CAL)
COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING (CAL)

 There are still good reasons to use CAL rather than internet
based technologies.
Definition OF CAL

 Teaching process that uses a computer in the

presentation of instructional materials, often in a
way that requires the students to interact with it
called Computer Assisted Learning.
 CONCEPT & TECHNIQUES

• Tell me and I forget.

• Show me and I might remember.
• But involve me and I will understand.

 CAL is to convey a vast amount of information in a very

short period of time. It is powerful method of reinforcing
concepts and topics.

 CAL is run either straight from a CD or floppy disk drive or

over a local network
Types
1.

 1. Interactive video

 2. Multimedia

 3. Virtual Reality – computer tech creates Simulated

Environment (3D envt)

 4. Internet based
Ways to Apply C.A.L

 • Distance Learning / Education Web-based education

(internet & WWW)

 Computer & video technologies

 • On-line Classes

 • Telemedicine
Advantages

 It allows the learner to proceed at his own pace.

 Offers safe practice environment.

 Provides private learning environment.

 It involves any student actively in the learning process.

 Some so called hard subjects, like English, Mathematics and Science will be
joyful through computer.
Advantages

 Enhance clinical judgment skills

 Reduce required instruction time

 Interactive

 Access is easy and flexible

 Supplement traditional classroom or lecture materials

DISADVANTAGES

1. Cost

2. Lack of computers or resources

3. Must be internally or self motivated

4. Hardware or software problems / internet

connectivity

5. Must be familiar computer hardware and software

6.Time commitment required to prepare

USES OF COMPUTER IN NURSING

 • To maintain the nursing records of the patient.

• To record admission of the patient.
• To record discharge of the patient.
• To maintain intake and output chart of the patient.
• To keeping inventory records.
• Storage of patient information for a long period of time.
• To record all data for future references.
• To maintain dietary plans of the patients.
Thank You
SIMULATION
Definition OF SIMULATION

“Role playing in which the process of teaching is displayed artificially

and an effort is made to practice some important skills of
communication through this technique. The pupil-teacher & the
students simulate the particular role of a person or actual life situation.
The whole programme becomes a training in role perception and role
playing.
 Purposes
 • To helps students practice decision making and problem solving skills and
to develop human interaction abilities in a controlled and safe setting

 • Helps student to achieve cognitive, affective and psychomotor outcomes.

 • Students have a chance to apply principles and theories they have learned
and to see how and when these principles work.
 PROCEDURE OF SIMULATION

1. •SELECTING THE ROLE PLAYERS:

1. A small group of 4 to 5 student teachers is selected. They are assigned

different letters in an alphabetic order. The role assignments are rotated
within the group to give chance to everyone. Every member of the group gets
an opportunity to be the actor and the observer.

2. • SELECTING AND DISCUSSING SKILLS :

1. The skills to be practiced are discussed and the topics that fit in the skill are
suggested. One topic each is selected by the group members for exercise.
 PROCEDURE OF SIMULATION

• PLANNING :
1. It has to be decided who starts the conversation, who will top the interaction and when.

• DECIDING THE PROCEDURE OF EVALUATION :

2. How to record the interaction and how to present it to actor has to be decided so that a
proper feedback on his performance could be given.

PROVIDED PRACTICAL LESSON : The role players should be provided

reinforcements on their performance to give them training for playing their part well.
 ADVANTAGES

a. Simulation offers an excellent opportunity to learn from mistakes

b. Simulation fosters critical thinking & problem solving skills.

c. Simulation provides a realistic experiences, students can easily apply these

concepts in the clinics

d. Simulation establishes a setting where theory and practice can be combined.

 ADVANTAGES
 The decisions are made and carried out without physical or
psychological harm to children or school as a result of practice
teaching.

 Students can receive feedback on the appropriateness of their

action.
 ADVANTAGES

 Simulation is a teaching device that motivates and involves students. It

changes teacher behavior. Introduces Freshness and novelty.

 Simulation is highly student centered because of its very interesting &

motivating nature, effectiveness in teaching slow learners as well as fast
learners & all types of students.

 It provides participants to deal with the consequences of their actions.

 Students can learn without harming the patient.

 DISADVANTAGES
1. Simulation can’t be made in all subject of the curriculum

2. Simulation can’t be conveniently used in case of small children because

mechanism is too difficult for them to follow.

3. It requires a lot of preparation on the part of teachers

4. Time consuming

5. Need for many simulators.

6. Simulation is costly in terms of both time and money.

CONFERENCE
DEFINITION
 • “Nursing Conference is defined as the process in which group
discussion is made using problem solving techniques to
determine the ways of providing care for the patients to whom
students are assigned as part of their clinical experience”.
GABERSON
TYPES

 • 1. GROUP CONFERENCE.

 • 2. INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCE
GROUP CONFERENCE
 Is a small group teaching method

 The students are allowed to participate actively in the discussion,

explaining their own experiences in the clinical area.

 This helps the students to develop problem solving skills, team building
skills and the ability to express themselves assertively
INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCE
INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCE

 Focuses on the overall development of the individual student.

 The focus is more directed towards the development of

clinical skills.

 It mainly deals with the students nursing care ability, level of

performance, achievements and assignments related to the
clinical experiences.
PURPOSE

 To focus on the overall development of the individual student with a

special emphasis to the clinical skills.

 To recognize the ability and limitation of various team members.

 To help in communicating ideas and viewpoints of students regarding

problems pertaining to their clinical posting.

 To provide opportunity to the students to refine their clinical skills.

 To encourage innovative and creative ideas among students.

PHASES / STEPS

• 1. OPENING PHASE.
• 2. WORKING PHASE.
• 3. CLOSING PHASE.
OPENING PHASE

 The students are informed prior so that discussion is

meaningful.
 Patients selected should have typical signs and
symptoms.
WORKING PHASE

 Focus is made on patient information such as bio data, family

background, past and present medical history, signs and
symptoms, line of care and nursing management.

 The teacher motivates the students to come forward with

innovative and creative ideas suiting the problem or situation.
CLOSING PHASE

 Suggestions derived from various group conferences,

relevant to the ward situation is put into the notice of
the staff working in the same area in a friendly
manner.
ADVANTAGES

 • Nursing Conference helps the students to develop problem

solving skills.

 • It develops team building skills and the ability to express

oneself assertively

 . It makes clinical area more interesting place for teaching and

learning.

 • It provides opportunities for the students to express innovative

ideas and to refine clinical skills.
ADVANTAGES

 Nursing Conference helps the teacher to identify the students

attitude and insight regarding the problems of their clients

 It sharpens the critical thinking of the students.

 Nursing Conference helps the students to know about their

progress and hence boosts their self confidence.
DISADVANTAGES

 Nursing Conference may not be very beneficial if the students are not
accustomed to the clinical setting.

 It requires a careful planning.

 It is a time consuming process.

 It portrays the personal problems of the patient which should be

maintained confidential.

 Patient involvement is less in this method of teaching and learning

CASE METHOD
(OR)
CASE STUDY
DEFINITION

“A Case Method is a useful strategy for helping the students learn

how to analyze a case, identify problems and solutions, compare
alternate decisions, and arrive at conclusions about different
aspects of patient care.” GABERSON
PURPOSES
 Case study provides an opportunity to the students to learn
nursing skills using the problem solving approach.

 The students learn to identify and define patient’s problems.

 Case study trains students to locate, gather and process the

information required to solve the patient’s health problems.

 It develops a sense of accomplishment for providing

individualized comprehensive care.

 Case method helps the student to solve the patient’s problems by

critical and reflective thinking.
 PRINCIPLES

 A case study should help a student to study the patient’s state of health
and self help abilities, his cultural background, economic levels of
activities.

 Case method should focus on information and facts about patient, his
disease condition and his social and personal history & the application of
this knowledge in rendering nursing care.
 PRINCIPLES

 The case method should train a nurse to take responsibility in

giving a complete and comprehensive care to the clients.

 A case method should serve as a excellent tool to demonstrate

nursing skills, scientific knowledge and sociological or
psychological insight into the problems of a patient.

 A case method should aim at encouraging evaluation of

solutions presented by other team members.
TYPES

 • 1. CASE STUDY.

 • 2. CASE ANALYSIS.

 • 3. CASE INCIDENT TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

 The student will is given the opportunity to provide nursing

care for specific client.

 After 4 or 5 days of careful study, the student nurse prepares

the case study by comparing with the text.

 The student presents the case before the batch of co learners

and general discussion follows regarding further management
of the patient.
 ADVANTAGES

 • Provides for individual differences of the student.

 • Provides opportunity for self expression.

 • Provides experience in organizing and writing a paper in a scientific

manner.

 • It provides a source of material for future reference.

 Provides opportunity for the instructor to direct student thinking into new
channels and to correct errors of information.

 • Case method serves as a basis for better personal understanding and

relationship between the instructor and the student.

 • It offers an opportunity for a public speaking experience.

 ADVANTAGES
 Case method helps the learners to be motivated and persistent,
independent, self disciplined , self confident and goal oriented.

 Discussion following presentation provides for the other

learners to benefit from other student’s care plan.

 This serves as a source of motivation to the other students as

the other students benefit from her

 The student feels the thrill of achievement in presenting her

study to others.
 DISADVANTAGES

 Written case study provides no opportunity to branch out and

incorporate new ideas once the study is completed.

 Written case method requires a great deal of time to rewrite to an

acceptable form.
 ON
T I
B I
H I
E X
DEFINITION

" Is a planned display of models, charts, specimens,

posters etc., to present the public view for instruction
and to put in a competition, advertising or
entertainment".

Gilbert
 TYPES OF EXHIBITION

 1. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION.

 2. CONSUMER EXHIBITION.

 3. TRADE EXHIBITION.
1. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION

 • Educational exhibitions are conducted in

educational institutions to educate the
learners.

 • Generally these are organized by the

students.
2. CONSUMER EXHIBITION

 • These are horizontal markets.

 • They usually involve a large range of

products from a number of different industries
on display to the general public.
3. TRADE EXHIBITION

 Are generally designed to meet the needs of one

particular type of business or product

 only people involved in the field are invited to

attend.
PURPOSES

 • To influence people to adopt better practices by arousing

interest, stimulating thought and getting action.

 • To reveal the ideas clearly and effectively.

 • To stimulate team spirit among students.

 To give recognition to people or institutions by enabling them

to display their products.
PURPOSES
 • • To develop student's abilities in imagination and train them to focus on
facts and figures in a manner that will attract the attention of viewers.

 . To achieve specialized knowledge among students and aim to consider

learning as an adventure through exhibition.

 • To promote participation in or to raise money for some public cause or

activity.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN ORGANIZING AN
EXHIBITION

STEP-1 ASSESSMENT
 Assess the purpose of exhibition.

 Assess the level of knowledge of the persons for whom

exhibition is displayed.

 Plan the exhibition according to the curricular requirement.

STEP -2 PLANNING

 • A successful exhibit starts with a plan, based on the purpose for which the exhibit
is to be used.

 • The plan should be visualized and this is called a "lay out". This is a rough
outline with details.

 • The layout provides a way of evaluating the finished project as to clarity of the
message, attractiveness, completeness etc.,


STEP - 3 REQUSITES

 • The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub theme to
focus attention to a particular topic.

 • It should be clearly labeled.

 • The exhibits should be placed that most visitors can see them.

 The place should be well lighted. (sound system could also be arranged).
STEP - 3 REQUSITES

 • The exhibition must have some exhibits with operative

mechanisms such as switches or levers to be operated by the
visitors to observe some happenings.

 • The exhibition must include a lot of demonstration as this will

involve both students & the visitors

 The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects areas to

provide integrated learning.
STEP - 4 PREPARATIONS

 • Exhibits must be well prepared such that the message is

understood by the visitors, in a short time

 • Make it simple.

 • Limit one idea per booth or section.

 • Make it durable if possible.

STEP - 4 PREPARATIONS

 See that the exhibits are so arranged as to tell the story without
need for interpreters.

 Give adequate publicity, both in advance and after the exhibition is

over.
STEP - 5 SELECTION OF PLACE

 The exhibition should be within the reach of the viewers.

 The area of exhibition room should be sufficient to

display the exhibits.

 There should be sufficient place for the viewers of the

exhibition to move about.
STEP - 6 DISPLAY

 Keep the exhibition (exhibits) at a height not less than 2 feet and
not more than 6 feet from the floor.

 Place the exhibits in such a place that it is certain to be seen.

 An exhibit is seen, not read. Therefore the message must be
presented in a way as to be understood in a glance

 Motion attracts attention, so motion pictures or motion figures

can be utilized.
STEP - 7 EVALUATION

 • Evaluate effectiveness of exhibition by analyzing attendance

enquires and requests.

 • Exhibits must be free from prejudices.

ADVANTAGES
 • It eminently suits to teach illiterates

 • It promotes public relations

 • Creates market for certain products.

 • Creates a competitive spirit.

 • It makes learning activity more meaningful.

 • It gives concreteness to abstract ideas

DISADVANTAGES

 • It requires much preparation and investment.

 • It cannot lend itself to all topics and cannot be frequently or widely used.

 The whole process is expensive.

 • It needs electricity.

 • Many exhibits are arranged as a matter of routine without specific

teaching aim