METHODS OF SCORING

SUBMITTED TO ; SUBMITTED BY ;-
Ms. Anoopjit kaur Prabhpreet Kaur gill
Assist. Prof AT MscNursing 1ST YEAR
DMCH CON , Ludhiana Roll no. 4
INTRODUCTION

• ‘SCORING΄ means to succeed in an activity or to achieve

something .

• ‘SCORING” is also known as A mark used as a starting

point or goal .
 DEFINITION

• SCORING is defined as the process of awarding a number

(Usually) , or a symbol to represent the level ,of students learning
achievement.
GUIDELINES OF SCORING ;-

 Multiple choice questions are difficult to design , but easy to score.

 Essay or Subject type are easy to set especially for large class , but
difficult to marks.
 Whether an objective type or subjective type, all tests must have
marking schemes.
 Scoring can be done by question by question or by all question at a
time.
 Scores can be presented in comparative way.
 TYPES OF SCORING ;-

1. SCORING OBJECTIVE TYPE ;-

• MANUAL SCORING
A.

• STENCIL SCORING
B.

• MACHINE SCORING
C.
2. SCORING ESSAY TYPE TEST

• POINT OR ANALYTIC
METHOD
A.

• GLOBAL / HOLISTIC
RATING METHOD
B.
1. SCORING OBJECTIVE TEST ;-

• Objective test are items that can be objectively scored items

on which person selects a response from list of option.
• Scoring objective test is further divided into 3 types ;-

MANUAL STENCIL MACHINE

SCORING SCORING SCORING
A. MANUAL SCORING ;-

 In this method of scoring the answer to test items are scored by

direct comparison of the examinee s answer with the marking key.

Scoring is done by simply comparing the columns of answers on the

master copy with columns of answers on each examinee’s test paper.

Alternatively , the correct answers are recorded on scripts of paper

and this script key on which the column of answers are recorded are
used as master for scoring the examinees test papers
B . STENCIL SCORING

Separate sheet of answer sheets are used by examinee for

recording their answers , it’s most convenient to prepare and use
a scoring stencil .

A scoring stencil is prepared by pending holes on a blank answer

sheet where the correct answers are supposed to appear .

Scoring is done by laying the stencil over each answer sheet and
the number of answers checks appearing through the holes are
counted.
Answers so marked can be scored with the aid of a
stencil key on which the correct answer position have
been punched .

At the end of this scoring procedure , each test paper

is scanned to eliminate possible error due to examinees
supplying more than one answer or an item having
more than one correct answer.

An examinee’s score is simply the number of items

answered correctly.
C. MACHINE SCORING ;-

If the number of examinees is large , A specially prepared

answer sheet s are used to answer the questions.
The answers are normally shaded at the appropriate places
assigned to the various items .
The answers can be scored , usually much more quickly and
accurately , by electrical scoring machine .
Some of these machines, which ‘’count’’ correct answer by
cumulating the current flowing through correctly placed pencil
marks , require the examinee to use photoelectric cells to scan
the answer sheet , require only marks black .
2. SCORING ESSAY TYPE
QUESTION
Essay questions are supply or constructed
response type questions and can be the best way
to measure the students higher order thinking
skills , such as applying , organizing , synthesizing ,
integrating , evaluating or projecting while at the
same time providing a measure of writing skills.
The accuracy and quality of the response are
judged by the teacher.
METHODS OF SCORING ESSAY
TYPE QUESTIONS ;-
1 . The Point or Analytic Method ;-
• In this method each answer is compared with already prepared
ideal marking scheme (Scoring Key ) and marks are assigned
according to the adequacy of the answers.
• In Analytical Scoring , essential parts of an ideal response are
identified and assigned score is based upon the number of
parts included in the response.
• Each part is evaluated individually .
• The scoring key provides an absolute standard for determining
the total points awarded for a response .
2.The Global / Holistic Rating method;-
• In holistic scoring the reader forms an
impression of the overall quality of a response
and then transforms the impression into a
score or grade .
• The standard of quality helps to establish a
relative scale , which forms the basis for
ranking responses from those with the poorest
quality response to highest quality response.
• Usually 5 to 10 categories are used and
responses are awarded Five letter Grades ;- A,
B, C, D and E.
GUIDELINES IN SCORING ESSAY TEST ;-

Review the text and class notes ; list the main

points to be covered in essay response.
Develop a model answer first to determine what
you are expecting from students.
Score the response question by question.
Read each essay twice before scoring.
Rearrange the order of papers randomly after
scoring each item , and attempts to have students
identities hidden from you when grading papers.
Obtain independent scoring on at least a sample
of responses from multiple readers.
Use model answers to score the same questions
on all exams before going to next question.
Disassociate the identity of students from their
responses during grading process.
ADVANTAGES OF SCORING ;-

Simple and Comparative .

Easy to use.
Points are assigned according to adequacy of answers.
Requires short time for teacher to prepare the test and
administer.
It can be successfully employed for all the school subjects.
DISADVANTAGES OF SCORING ;-

Lacks objectivity.
Improper comparison of answers , of different students
(Bright and Dull)
Biased judgment by previous impression.
Limited content sampling.
Only competent teacher can assess.
Mood of examiner
ITEM ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION

• ITEM ANALYSIS especially valuable in improving

items which will be used again in later tests , but
it can also be used to eliminate misleading items
in a single test administration.
• Item analysis is a general term that encompasses
variety of methods for summarizing and
analyzing the responses of students to test items.
 DEFINITION

• Item analysis is a process which examines

student responses to individual test items
(questions) in order to assess the quality of
those items and of the tests as a whole.
PURPOSES OF ITEM ANALYSIS

Helps in selecting the best items for the final tests , rejects poor
items and modify some of the items.
Helps to decide whether a test is good or poor.
Helps to know how well the item discriminates between high and
low scores in the tests.
Helps to detect specific technical flaws and thus provides further
information for improving test items.
Helps to improve the test by revising or discarding ineffective items .
 OBJECTIVES OF ITEM ANALYSIS ;-

To select the proper items for the final draft of the test and
reject the poor items that are unable to contribute any worth in
the functioning of the test

To modify some items to make them functionable.

To obtain different index and discrimination index of each items

of preliminary draft of the test.

To obtain basis for preparing the final draft of the test.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN ITEM ANALYSIS ;-

Arrange answer booklets from highest score to the lowest

score.
From the ordered set of answer books , make two groups ,
Put those with highest scores in one group and those with
lowest scores in other group.
For each item, count the number of students in each group
who answered the items correctly .For alternate response
type of items , count the number of students in each group
who choose each alternatives.
Record the count for each item
PROCESS OF ITEM ANALYSIS ;-

1.Arrange answer booklets from the highest score to the

lowest score.
2.From the ordered set of answer booklets , make two
groups ;-
• Select the upper 33%
• Select the lower 33%
3.For each item , count the each number of students who
answered the item correctly.
4.Make a master sheet.
3.Calculate difficult index.(p)
4.Calculate discrimination index (D)
Select , reject items accordingly.

ITEM DIFFICULT INDEX ;-p = U+L

N

ITEM DISCRIMINATION INDEX ;- D = _U-L_

1/2N

U = The number of students that got it right in upper

group.
L = The number of students that got it right in the lower
group.
N =Total number of students in both groups.
 ADVANTAGES OF ITEM ANALYSIS;-

It helps to judge the quality of a test.

Leads to increased skill in test construction.

Provide diagnostic value and help in planning future

learning activities.

Provide basis for discussing test results.

Acts as a learning experience for students.

Helps in revising test or test items.

DISADVANTAGES OF ITEM
ANALYSIS

Time consuming.

Requires considerable backgrounds , planning , and

data analysis.

Can lead to lack of confidence among students.

Requires more practice and skills

 SUMMARIZATION OF TOPIC ;-
METHODS OF SCORING ;-
Introduction
Definition
Guidelines of scoring
Types of scoring
Advantages / Disadvantages of scoring

ITEM ANALYSIS ;-
Introduction of item analysis.
Definition of item analysis.
Purposes of item analysis.
Objectives of item analysis
Steps involved in item analysis.
Process of item analysis
Advantages / Disadvantages of item analysis .
 RECAPTULIZATION OF TOPIC ;-

• Scoring means ___in an activity to _____

something.
• Scoring means SUCCEED in an activity to
ACHIEVE something.
Which test are difficult to design?
a.) Short question test.
b.) Long question test.
c.) MCQ’s
d.) Numerical question tests.
• c.) MCQ’s
• Manual scoring is a type of essay type
test ? TRUE / FALSE
• TRUE
Which method helps to develop rating
scale ?
a.) Machine scoring
b.) Global rating scale
c.) Analytical method
D,) All of above
• ANSWER –B Global rating scale
• Item analysis helps to examine student
responses ? True / false
• TRUE
• Answer booklets are arranged from lowest
to highest score ? TRUE / FALSE
• FALSE
• Formula for Item difficult Index Is
______.
• P=U+L
N
• Item analysis act as learning experience for
students ? True / False?
• TRUE
• Item analysis is done in short period of
time ? TRUE / FALSE
• FALSE
• Enlist 3 purposes of item analysis ?
 PURPOSES OF ITEM ANALYSIS;-
Helps to decide whether a test is good or poor.
Helps to know how well the item discriminates between high and low
scores in the tests.
Helps to detect specific technical flaws and thus provides further
information for improving test items.
Helps to improve the test by revising or discarding ineffective items
 ANSWER KEY

- SUCCEED and ACHIEVE.

- “C”- MCQs
- TRUE
- “B’’ – GLOBAL RATING SCALE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- P=U+L / N
- TRUE
- FALSE
ASSIGNMENT

•Students will submit assignment on

Process of Item analysis ?
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
SodhiJaspreet’s ,‘’Comprehensive Textbook of
Nursing Education ,’’ 1st edition , Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publisher , Page no.252 – 262

 Bhaskara D. ElakkuvanaBhaskar rajnima ,’’

Textbook of Nursing Education ,1st edition
EMMESS Medical publisher , Page no. 275 -283