Historical Timeline

of
NOTEWORTHY
LINGUISTS
ARISTOTLE (384 BC – 322 BC)
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

• A linear model with focus on public

speaking.
• The audience cannot provide a
feedback.
• To demonstrate the importance of
speaker and their audience during
communication.
FIVE COMPONENTS OF ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
 FIVE COMPONENTS OF ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

1. SPEAKER – individual tasked with persuading an audience through

speech.
2. SPEECH – message the speaker is delivering to the audience.
3. AUDIENCE – people who passively listen to the speech as it is
delivered.
4. EFFECT – positive or negative consequences of the speech.
5. OCCASION – situation or context responsible for bringing people
together and the reason why communication occurs.
 3 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PUBLIC SPEAKER

1. ETHOS – relates to the speaker’s credibility, authority, or character.

(What it is the audience need to hear to trust the speaker?)
2. PATHOS – ability of the speaker to form an emotional bond with the
audience. It is derived from the Greek word for suffering, experience, or
emotion.
3. LOGOS – refers to how factual evidence is used during communication
to support assertions.
 3 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PUBLIC SPEAKER

1. ETHOS – relates to the speaker’s credibility, authority, or character.

(What it is the audience need to hear to trust the speaker?)
2. PATHOS – ability of the speaker to form an emotional bond with the
audience. It is derived from the Greek word for suffering, experience, or
emotion.
3. LOGOS – refers to how factual evidence is used during communication
to support assertions.
 3 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PUBLIC SPEAKER

1. ETHOS – relates to the speaker’s credibility, authority, or character.

(What it is the audience need to hear to trust the speaker?)
2. PATHOS – ability of the speaker to form an emotional bond with the
audience. It is derived from the Greek word for suffering, experience, or
emotion.
3. LOGOS – refers to how factual evidence is used during communication
to support assertions.
 ROBERT LOWTH (1710 – 1787)
PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

• The attempt to establish rules defining

preferred or correct usage of language.
• Spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax
and semantics
• Often contrasted with the descriptive
approach.
WILLIAM JONES (1746 – 1794)
A GRAMMAR OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

• One of the best grammar texts ever published

in English about language the Western world
considered "exotic".
WILLIAM JONES (1746 – 1794)
THIRD DISCOURSE OF 1786

• He proposed that Sanskrit’s affinity to Greek

and Latin could be explained by positing a
common, earlier source, one known today as
Indo-European.
 FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (1857 – 1913)
LANGUAGE IS ARBITRARY
• He argued that the "sign" was composed of
both a signified, an abstract concept or idea,
and a "signifier", the perceived sound/visual
image.
• Because different languages have different
words to describe the same objects or concepts,
there is no intrinsic reason why a specific sign
is used to express a given signifier. It is thus
"arbitrary".
 NOAM CHOMSKY (1928)
NATIVIST THEORY
• Purports that humans are born with an innate
knowledge or faculty of language wired into
their brains called the Universal Grammar.
• In this theory, the language acquisition
device (LAD) is an inborn capacity that allows
children to learn languages they are exposed
to in their environment.
THANK
YOU!