DATA ANALYSIS

PROCEDURE
THREE MODES OF PRESENTING DATA

1. Textual mode
- embraces the discussion and analysis of data;
2. Tabular mode
- is used to present, through tables, the data of the study;
3. Graphic mode
– is presenting data through graphs, charts, and other devices,
clarifies further in a more vivid fashion certain facts, trends, and
relationships in cases where tables can not show various shades of
meanings.
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
1. Quantification and Description of Data
– qualitative measures may answer the question, “how many?”
quantitative measures answer the question, “how much?”
2. Classification of Data
– it is used to described the group as a whole when analyzing the
characteristics or responses of a large group.
3. Sorting and Tabulating Data
– tabulation is the process of transferring data from the data-
gathering instrument to the tabular form in which they may be
systematically examined while sorting is the process of arranging
items systematically.
4. Tables and Figures
– tables is a systematic method of presenting data in vertical
columns and horizontal rows, according to some classification of
subject matter.
5. Statistics
 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED IN ANALYZING DATA

Descriptive Statistics – summarizes data collected for a sample population.

Inferential Statistics – is the use a random sample of data taken from

a population to describe and make inferences about the population.
Inferential statistics are valuable when examination of each member of
an entire population is not convenient or possible

Measures of Variability – does not summarize a distribution of

scores completely but the scores cluster together or are spread
across a wide range.
Frequency Distribution – is any listing of a set of classes ( test scores, for
instance ) and the frequency of observations in that class (number of students
who made that score).

- Histogram
- Bar graph ways to present
- Frequency polygon or curve frequency distribution

Measures of Central Tendency – is one way of summarizing a group of

measurements.

- Median
- Mean ways to present values that would
- Mode summarize scores
METHODS OF DESCRIBING THE VARIABILITY IN A DISTRIBUTION

Range – is the distance between the highest and the lowest score. It is the crude
measure of variability in that one extreme score could alter its size.

Standard Deviation – is a more stable measure of variability. It is a summary of

the distance of every score from the mean.

Correlation Coefficient – is a number ranging from -1, which indicates a perfect

negative correlation between the two variables, through 0, which indicates no
correlation, to =1, which indicates a perfect positive correlation. Thus, the closer a
correlation coefficient is to +1 or -1, the stronger the relationship-positive or
negative-between the two variables.
Probability – is a basic tool of inferential statistics. It is a complex area that
was developed so that researchers and mathematician can estimate reasonably
and accurately the chances that a particular event will occur.

Statistical Significance – allow researchers to determine exactly how small

the probability is that their results have come about by any chance.