Lecture 7

Example: consider the following data:

3,5,6,4,2 find S2.
Solution.
2 2
2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 +𝑛𝑥̅
a- S =
𝑛−1

∑ 𝑋𝑖 2 = 32 +52 +62 +42 +22

=9+25+36+16+2=90
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 3 + 5 + 6 + 4 + 2 20
𝑥̅ = = = =4
𝑛 5 5
2
2
90 − 5(4) 90 − 80 10
𝑆 = = = = 2.5
4 4 4
OR :
∑(𝑋𝑖−𝑥̅ ) 2
b- S 2=
𝑛−1

But
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 20
𝑥̅ = = =4
𝑛 5

(X1-𝑥̅ ) = 3 − 4 = −1 , (X2-𝑥̅ ) = 5-4=1 ,

(X3-𝑥̅ ) = 6 − 4 = 2
(X4-𝑥̅ ) = 4 − 4 = 0 , (X5-𝑥̅ ) = 2 − 4 = −2
So,

∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 = (−1)2 + 12 + 22 + 02 + (−2)2

=1+1+4+0+4=10
10 10
S 2= = = 2.5
5−1 4

2) Observation with classes

∑ 2 2
𝑋𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 − 𝑛𝑥̅
𝑆2 =
𝑛−1
Example:
Compute the variance for the following :
class 0-6 7 - 13 14 – 20
𝑓𝑖 3 2 1

Solution:
Class 0–6 7 – 13 14 – 20 Total
𝑓𝑖 3 2 1 6
𝑋𝑚𝑖 3 10 17 ///
𝑋𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 9 20 17 46
2 9 100 289 398
𝑋𝑚𝑖
2 27 200 289 516
𝑋𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖
So,
46
𝑥̅ = = 7.6
6
2 2
2 ∑ 𝑋𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 −𝑛𝑥̅ 516−6(7.6)2
S= = = 32.6
𝑛−1 5

(4) The standard deviation:

It is the square root of the variance for the simple it’s
denoted by 𝑆.
For the population it is denoted by 𝜎.

 Applications:
(1) Cheby shev’s Rule:
1
For any k>1 at least 1-
𝑘2
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
(𝑥̅ − 𝑘𝑆, 𝑥̅ + 𝑘𝑆)

Example:
1
(i) At least 1− of the data are between
22
(𝑥̅ − 2𝑆 , 𝑥̅ + 2𝑆)
 1
(ii) At least 1− of the data are between
22
(𝑥̅ − 3𝑆 , 𝑥̅ + 3𝑆).
 Bell-shaped data ( or the normal distribution) of the
bell-shaped data has the following model.

a)
Y-Values
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

mode=medium=mean
b)
Y-Values
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Mode<median<mean //skewed to the right

c)
Y-Values
4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Mean<median<mode //skewed to left