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 (INTRO sa video, with music blah blah blah)

 In frame na.ang duha ka person

P1 & P2: For today’s video, we will be having a lesson tutorial about (prolong for 2 seconds)
HYPOTHESIS TESTING.
(Overlay ang background with text nga hypothesis testing)

P2: before to start, This is _____(name)________

P1: and this is _____(name)________, introducing. And we are a Grade 11 STEM students of Tagbina
National High School.
P1: At the end of this video, you shall have
(Overlay with matching texts sa objectives)
Voice over P2: Defined hypothesis testing and the terminologies related to it
Recorded the parameter to be tested in a given real life problem and,
Reflected the importance of the lesson as applied in real life situated problems.

P1: This lesson discusses about some key concepts of hypothesis testing. It includes the null and
alternative hypotheses, level of significance, rejection region, and the types of errors in hypothesis
testing.

 Transition (mix or black fade)

P2: SO NOW, WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS TESTING?
(Overlay ang background with Text nga what is hypothesis testing?)

Voice over P2: Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process of evaluating claims about a
population based on the characteristic of a sample from that population.
It decides whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis.

P2: Some use decisions either:

a. the null hypothesis is rejected or
b. failed to reject the null hypothesis.

P2: Failed to reject the null hypothesis implies that the data are not sufficient enough to reject the null
hypothesis or there is no sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

Voice over P2: Testing hypothesis follows 7 steps.

The First step, is to Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Second, is to Select the level of significance and the test type.
Third, is to Determine the test statistic to be used.
The Fourth step, is to Compute the test statistic and critical values.
The fifth one, is to Construct acceptance or rejection regions.
The Sixth step, is to Make a decision or draw a conclusion based on steps 4 and 5.
And the last step is to Interpret the results.

P1: We already defined what is Hypothesis testing and its corresponding steps. And now, let us
interpret the key concepts of hypothesis testing where it includes the null and alternative hypotheses, level of
significance, rejection region, and the types of errors in hypothesis testing.
Voice over P1: The Null Hypothesis. (Overlay)
Null is defined as having no value or amounting to nothing. It is denoted by capital letter
H with subscript zero and as pronounced as H-null or H-zero. This states that there is no difference, no
changes, nothing happened, no relationship between a parameter and a specific value, or the independent
variable has no effect on the dependent variable. And it makes a 1 statement about the population not the
sample.
P2: In statistics, a hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a population parameter which may or may
not be true. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested as it represents what the experimenter doubts to
be true, and must contain the condition of equality.

Voice over P2: For example: In symbol, with 100 as the specific value it is written as:
The null hypothesis of the mean is equal to 100 (𝐻0: 𝜇 =100)
(Show how to write the null hypothesis)
(Transition)

Voice over P1: Alternative Hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis, is a statement denoted by the capital letter 𝑯 with a subscript 𝟏. this states that
there is a difference, an effect, change, or a relationship between a parameter and a specific value; and
the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable, or something happened.
P1: It is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis by stating that that the actual value of a
population parameter is less than, greater than, or not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis.
Voice over P1: In symbol, with 100 as the specific value for example, it is written as:
The alternative hypothesis of the mean is not equal to 100 (𝐻1: 𝜇 ≠ 100)
The alternative hypothesis of the mean is less than to 100 (𝐻1: 𝜇 < 100) or
The alternative hypothesis of the mean is greater than to 100 (𝐻1: 𝜇 > 100)

P1: The alternative hypothesis will also determine the type of hypothesis test that will be conducted. Either a
One-tailed test will be used when using the symbol greater than or less than
Or a Two-tailed test will be used when a symbol of not equal is used.

However, there are common phrases used in hypothesis testing that will guide you in choosing the
correct symbol to be used in formulating alternative hypothesis. This includes:
Voice over P1: -greater than, -above, -higher than, -longer than, -bigger than, and -increased for the greater
than symbol.
-less than, -below, -lower than, -smaller than, -shorter than, -decreased or reduced from are the terms
given for you to use the less than sign.
The phrases, -not equal, -different from, -changed from, or -not the same as, are telling us to use the
not equal sign, and the phrases
-equal to, -the same as, -not changed from, or -is, will lead you to use the symbol equal.

(overlay / transition)

Voice over p2: the level of significance

Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant. The Level of significance, or significance
level, refers to a criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null
hypothesis. Its value is between 0 to 1 or between 0% to 100% and it is denoted by the Greek letter alpha,
which is a probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
P2: In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social science, it is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or
10% in other studies. This implies that there is a 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Further, it implies that the result has 99%, 95%, or 90% chance of being true, respectively.
Overlay P2: In symbol, it is written as: 𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟎1 𝜶 = 𝟎.05 or 𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟏𝟎
P2: However, if the alternative hypothesis used not equal, then the alpha will be divided by 2.

Voice over P2: for example, the alpha, 0.01 is divided by two which results to 0.005 (𝜶/𝟐 = 0.005)

𝜶/𝟐 = 0.025 or 𝜶/𝟐 = 0.05 i.e., 𝜶/𝟐 = 0.005 𝜶/𝟐 = 0.025 or 𝜶/𝟐 = 0.05 (pwede rasab di na mag yawyaw
diri igo ra magsulat )

(overlay, transition)

Voice over P1: the Critical Region or the Rejection Region

The Critical region, also known as the rejection region, is a range of values that corresponds to the rejection of the null
hypothesis.

P1: If the value of the test statistic is within the critical region, then the null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, the null
hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the alternative hypothesis. The Critical values of the tests of hypotheses
are the number or numbers that determine the rejection region. Thus, critical values might be a single number or an
interval.

Voice over P1: For one-tailed test or directional test, the critical region is at the right side of the acceptance region. For
two-tailed test or non-directional test ≠, the critical region is at the left and right sides of the acceptance region. We can
see that to the illustration shown.

Voice over P2: the Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

P2: There are two types of errors in hypothesis testing namely, the Type 1 error and the type 2 error.

Voice over P2: Type I error is committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis. The probability of committing it is
denoted by the symbol alpha or the level of significance.

The Type II error on the other hand, is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis and the probability of
committing it is denoted by symbol Beta.

(Transition, white fade)

P2: there are also, Commonly Used Levels of Significance and Its Corresponding Critical Values this could be shown to
the figure illustrated. (overlay dayon sa table)

 For the level of significance at 0.05, 0r 1%, its value will be a positive 1.645 or a negative 1.645 for the one tailed
test, and a value of positive or negative 1.96 for the two tailed test.
 For the level of significance at 0.01 or 5%, its value will be a positive 2.33 or a negative 2.33 for the one tailed
test type, and a value of positive or negative 2.58 for the two tailed test., lastly,
 For the level of significance at 0.001 or 10%, its value will be a positive 3.09 or a negative 3.09 for the one tailed
test, and a value of positive or negative 3.30 for the two tailed test type.

P2: to state these types of error in a sentence, it will be shown to the example, (overlay dayun)

Voice over p2: the given statement will be the average number of years a teacher works before retiring is 30.

For the type I error: We can conclude that the average number of years a teacher works before retiring is not 30 years,
when it really is 30 years.

However, for the Type II error on the other hand: We can conclude that the average number of years a teacher works
before retiring is 30 years, when in fact it is not really 30 years.

(transition )
P1: We’ve already tackled some of the basic concepts involved in hypothesis testing. And now, let us try an example
using the knowledge gained from this lesson.

Voiceover P1: The Head Nurse in a certain high school claims that the average height of grade 7 students is 163 cm. The
mean height of 45 randomly selected grade 7 students is 161 cm. Using 0.01 significance level, can it be concluded that
the mean height of grade 7 students is different from 163 cm as claimed by the school nurse? Before you can give
answer to the question and draw conclusions, state first the following: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c)
the level of significance; and (d) illustrate the critical or rejection region.