SAMPLING

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

TECHNIQUES
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the class, the students will be able to:

1. Identify and define different terms related to random sampling.
2. Differentiate and identify probability and non-probability
sampling techniques.
3. Identify the sampling technique used in each situation.
4. Decide on the most appropriate sampling technique given a
situation.
 Population and Sample
In research, collecting data can either be done in the entire population
or a subset of this population called a sample.

Population – is the totality

of items, things, or people
under consideration.

Sample - is a subset of the

population.
 Parameter and Statistic

Parameter – data or Statistic – data or measures

measures collected from collected from a sample of the
entire population group being studied

𝝁 = 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 ത = 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏

𝒙
𝝈𝟐 = 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝟐 = 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝝈 = 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒔 = 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅
𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 Let’s try this!
Tell whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
1.A teacher randomly selected 15 students from her class. These 15
students were asked to go to the auditorium to be interviewed by a
researcher. ✓ STATISTIC
2. The Mathematics department consists of 10 male teachers, 12 female
teachers, and one department head. ✓ PARAMETER

3. Twenty-five people were randomly selected by a researcher. They will

take part in a research study on cleanliness. ✓ STATISTIC
 Let’s try this!
Tell whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.

4. Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons. ✓ PARAMETER

5.The Statistics teacher randomly selected 35 question from previous questions

to be given in the coming second periodic examination. ✓ STATISTIC
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling helps a lot in research. It is one of the most important
factors which determines the accuracy of your research/survey
result.

✓ There are lot of

techniques which
help us to gather
sample depending
upon the need
and situation.
 TWO CATEGORIES OF SAMPLING

1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

▪ Probability sampling is a sampling technique in which the

subjects of the population get an equal opportunity to be
selected as a representative sample.
▪ known as random sampling
▪ unbiased
FOUR TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
 Simple Random Sampling
❖ A simple random sampling is the most commonly used
sampling technique.
❖ The process is done by choosing the members of the sample one
by one, using either the lottery method or table of random
numbers.
❖ Each element has an equal chance of getting selected to be part
of the sample.
❖ It is used when we don’t have prior information about the target
population.
 Simple Random Sampling
EXAMPLE: Suppose that a school has a total of 200 students. A sample of
30 students is to be taken to determine the average number of hours a
student spends playing computer games.
Step 1: Write the name of each 200 students on
a slip of paper.
Step 2: Place all the slips in a box and mix the
slips thoroughly.

Step 3: Draw a slip from the box. This will correspond to the first
member of the sample. Disregard the slip drawn, repeat the process
until the entire sample size of 30 is selected.
 Systematic Sampling

Systematic random sampling

is a random sampling technique
that considers every nth element
of the population in the sample
with selected random starting
point.
 Systematic Sampling
EXAMPLE: In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample
containing 71 students by using the systematic sampling technique?
Step 1: You may assign each student a number from 1 to 250.
Step 2: Find the sampling interval k. To get k, divide the population
size (250 students) by the sample size (71 students).
𝑁 250
𝑘= 𝑘= 𝑘 = 3.52 𝑜𝑟 4
𝑛 71
Step 3: Choose the random starting point from the first four students
using lottery method.
 Step 4: Assume that the randomly selected number is 3. Use 3 as
the starting number.
Step 5: Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting
from the 3rd student.

𝑘 = 3.52 𝑜𝑟 4

The numbers of the sample will then be 3, 7, 11, 15, ...

Riddles

What did one math book say to another?

Answer: I have so many problems.

 Stratified Sampling
❖ Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that
involves the division of a population into smaller groups known
as strata.
❖ The strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or
characteristics in stratified random sampling.
❖ Stratified random sampling is advantageous when the
population is divided into homogenous groups; that is, the
members are grouped similarly based on the controlling
variables in the study such as gender, race, civil status, or
nationality.
 Stratified Sampling
EXAMPLE: A sample of 100 students is to be selected from a junior high school
population of 1000, of which 250 are in grade 7, 200 are in grade 8, 300 are in
grade 9, and 250 are in grade 10. If the sample size is proportionally distributed,
how many samples are to be taken from each stratum?
Population Number of Sample
Solution: N = 1000 Students per n = 100
Subdivide the junior high school Stratum
students into four subgroups Grade 7 250
according to their grade level.
Grade 8 200
Grade 9 300
Grade 10 250
Total 1000
 Stratified Sampling
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑛= 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Population Number of Sample
250 N = 1000 Students per n = 100
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 7 = 𝑥100 = 25
1000 Stratum
200 Grade 7 250 25
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 8 = 𝑥100 = 20
1000 20
Grade 8 200
300
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 9 =
1000
𝑥100 = 30 Grade 9 300 30
250 Grade 10 250 25
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 10 = 𝑥100 = 25
1000
Total 1000 100
 Cluster Sampling
❖ In this technique, the total population is divided into groups or
clusters, and a simple random sample of the groups is selected.
❖ The entire population is divided into clusters or sections, and then
the clusters are randomly selected. All the elements of the cluster
are used for sampling. Clusters are identified using age, gender,
location, etc.
 Cluster Sampling
EXAMPLE: Suppose a researcher wants to
study the effect of a specific teaching
methodology among the students coming
from a particular town.
Solution: Since there are many schools in
the city, it will be very inefficient and
impractical to consider all the schools in
the study. Instead, the researcher will
randomly choose a few schools, and then
the students in these schools will be
surveyed.
 Riddles

Which month has 28 days?

Answer: All of them

 Let’s check your understanding!
Identify the type of sampling technique used by the researcher in each of the
following situations: simple random sampling, systematic random sampling,
stratified random sampling, or cluster random sampling.

1.The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Grade 10 students. The
researcher selected every 20th name on the list. ✓ SYSTEMATIC
2. In recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of
the study were randomly selected using a lottery method. ✓ SIMPLE

3.A researcher interviewed people from each town in the province of Albay
for his research on population. ✓ CLUSTER
 Let’s check your understanding!
4. A researcher is doing research work on the student’s reaction to the newly
implemented curriculum in Mathematics and interviewed every 10th student
entering the gate of the school. ✓ SYSTEMATIC

5. A researcher who is studying the effects of educational attainment on

promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly selected workers from each of
these categories: high school graduates, with undergraduate degrees, with
master’s degrees, and with doctoral degree. ✓ STRATIFIED
 TWO CATEGORIES OF SAMPLING

2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

▪ Nonprobability sampling is a method of sampling wherein it is

not known which individual from the population will be
selected as a sample.
▪ known as non-random sampling
▪ biased
 FOUR TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
1. Convenience Sampling
- Convenience sampling is the most common type of non-probability sampling,
which focuses on gaining information from participants (the sample) who are
‘convenient’ for the researcher to access.

2. Purposive Sampling
- This sampling is done with a purpose in mind.
- This technique, also called judgmental or selective sampling, focuses on
samples taken based on the researcher's judgement.
- This is based on the intention or the purpose of the study. Only those
elements will be selected from the population that suits our research best.
 FOUR TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
3. Snowball Sampling
- In this technique, the researcher chooses a possible respondent for the
study at hand. Then each respondent is asked to give
recommendations or referrals to other potential respondents.

4. Quota Sampling
- It is the equivalent of stratified random sampling in terms of
nonprobability sampling.
- In this technique, the researcher starts by identifying quotas, which are
predefined control categories such as age, gender, education, or
religion.
 EXPLAIN:

➢ Will you employ random sampling

if you do your own research? Why
do you think that is? If so, what
type of random sampling will you
use? If not, how are you going to
get your samples?
REMINDERS

✓Assessment #3
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