STATISTICS

PART 2

Nestor G. Gutiza Jr.

Asst. Prof. 3
Sorsogon State University
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
 Sampling techniques are methods of identifying who
will be the respondents of the study (sample). For
instance, in the previous example, how to identify the
377 respondents? Here’s the types of sampling
techniques.
TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
 1. Probability/ Random Sampling Techniques
- All members of the population have an equal
chance of being selected to be part of the sample.
 a. Simple Random Sampling Technique (e.g. fishbowl
method or lottery method, table of random numbers, or
computer).
 In this method, names will be placed inside a bowl or box,
then the target respondents will be picked by one by one until
the target number of respondents is obtained.
 Example: If we are going to select 5 of 10 using simple
random sampling, names or code of the 10 members of
population will be placed inside the bowl and box. Then,
5 names or codes will be pick one by one. Then the
selected 5 will be the respondents.
 i. Simple Random Sampling Technique with
Replacement In here, each of them can be selected or
pick up more than once because their names will be put
back after they are picked
 ii. Simple Random Sampling Technique without
Replacement Here, if their names or codes are picked it
will not be placed again in the bowl or box.
 b. Systematic Random Sampling Technique - Obtained
by selecting every 𝑘𝑡ℎ member of the population where 𝑘
is a counting number.
 Example: For the sake of illustration let us limit the
population size. Suppose 10 population size is 10, and
the sample is 5. How can we obtain the 5 samples?
 Solution: Step 1. Divide the population size by sample
size.
 Step 2. To start arrange the population in order, and
randomly select the starting first sample.
 c. Stratified Random Sampling Technique
- Obtained by dividing the population into subgroups or strata
according to some characteristic relevant to the study. (There
can be several subgroups.) Then subjects are selected at
random from each subgroup.
Example: The town has 250 homeowners of which 25, 175, and
50 are upper income, middle income, and low income,
respectively. Explain how we can obtain a sample of 20
homeowners, using stratified sampling with proportional
allocation, stratifying by income group.
 d. Cluster Random Sampling Technique
- Obtained by dividing the population into sections or clusters
and then selecting one or more clusters at random and using
all members in the cluster(s) as the members of the sample.
Groups or cluster could be by geographic area or schools in
large district. Cluster sampling is used when the population is
large or when it involves subjects residing in a large
geographic area.
 e. Multi-Stage Sampling Technique
- Most large-scale surveys combine one or more of simple
random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster
sampling, and stratified sampling. This is frequently by
pollsters and government agencies.
 2. Nonprobability/ Nonrandom Sampling Techniques
 In these techniques, all members of the population have
no equal chance of being selected to be part of the
sample.
 a. Convenience or Accidental Sampling Technique The
use of most convenient way of determining the samples.
 For instance, a survey about Facebook users, to select
respondents using convenience sampling technique, the
researcher could send private message to online
Facebook friends. Not all Facebook friends have equal
chance to part of the sample because what if the person
is offline, therefor he/ she has no chance to be part of the
respondents.
 b. Quota Sampling Technique Ensures equal or
proportionate representation of the subjects, depending
on which trait is considered as the basis of quota. The
usual bases of quota are age, gender, education, race,
religion, & socio-economic status.
- Example: The basis of quota is college level & research
needs equal presentation with 100 as sample size.
Researcher must select 25 from each year level.
 c. Volunteer or self –selected Sampling Technique If a
person decided to include themselves as part of the
samples.
 d. Purposive/ Purposeful or Judgmental/ Judgement or
Selective or Deliberate Sampling Technique
- Researcher selects samples who fulfil the criteria as well
as inclusion in the population as per knowledge of the
researcher.
- For example, a study about experiences of post disaster
depression among people living in earthquake affected
areas, therefore the respondents are the people who are
victims of earthquake and suffering post disaster
depression.
 e. Snowball/ Networking Sampling Technique Used to
identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are
hard to locate. Works like chain referral. This is also
known as chain referral sampling technique.
 After observing the initial subject, the researcher asks for
assistance from the subject to help in identifying people
with a similar trait of interest. It is like asking subjects to
nominate another with the same trait. The same process
is done until sufficient number of subjects is obtained.
 f. Expert Sampling Technique
-Samples are chosen their expertise.
 For example, a study about volcanoes, then you will
consult volcanologists.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
 It is a descriptive measures that indicate where the center
or most of the typical value of the data set lies. This is
often called averages. There are three most important
measures of central tendencies: the mean, median and
mode. The mean and median apply only to quantitative
data, whereas the mode can either be used in quantitative
or qualitative data.
 Statistic – a characteristic or measure obtained by using
data values from sample.
 Parameter – a characteristic or measure obtained by
using all the data values from a specific population.
A) UNGROUPED/ SMALL DATA
 Suppose, Carmella’s scores in seven 100 - item tests are
78, 96, 85, 91, 70, 79, and 96. Determine the mean,
median, and mode.
 Median is also the most stable measures among the three because it is not
affected by outliers (extremes). Outliers are the data that are either
extremely high or extremely low. Let us consider again the same example,
but this time, we’re going to change either of the highest or lowest or both.