MARICAR V.

CASAUAY
MAED- SPED I.G
Sampling
process which involves taking a
part of the population, making
observations on this representative
groups and generalizing the
findings to the bigger
population(Ary, Jacob and
Razavieh, 1981)
 refers to strategies which enable you to pick a
subgroup from a larger group and then use this
subgroup as a basis for making judgements about the
larger group (Vockell, 1983)

 something that is unavoidable in research

 are valid if you are able to generalize with confidence

and describe the population from which it was taken.
STEPS used in Sampling
1. Identification of the population
2. Determination of the required
sample size
3. Selection of the sample
Determining a Sample Size
 Use a formula of Slovin(1960)
N
n= 1 + Ne²

where: n = a sample size

N = population size
e = desired margin of error (percent
allowance for non precision because of the use of the
sample instead of the population
Example:
 What is the representative sample if the
population is 9000 and the margin of error you
allow is 2 %?
__N____ n = 1, 957
n= 1 + Ne²
= ____9000____
1 + 9 000(.02)²
= ____9000____
1 + 9 000(.0004)
Caution:
When the normal
approximation of your
population is small or poor, this
sample size formula (Slovin)
does not apply
Acceptable sizes depending on the
type of Research
Descriptive Research – 10% of the population
smaller population : a min. of 20 % is required

 Correlational Research – 30 subjects

Ex post facto or casual comparative research – 15

subjects per group

Experimental research – 15 subjects per group

Sampling Strategies
I. Probability Random Sampling
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Systematic Random Sampling
C. Stratified Random Sampling
II. Non – Probability Sampling
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Purposive Sampling
C. Quota Sampling
I. Probability Random
Sampling Techniques
These are sampling techniques
where each member of the
population has an equal chance to
be selected and included in the
sample.
A strategy that is considered the
best procedure
A. Simple Random Sampling
- undertaken through the use of the fishbowl or the
lottery technique; or the table of random numbers
- all the members of the population are listed and
assigned numbers.
- Number of samples can be determined using the
Slovin’s formula.
- - if there is a big number of cases (500 or more) then
10 to 20% of the population can be taken.
- For smaller population (less than 500), about 50% can
be taken.
- For case studies, a maximum of five cases can be used
B. Systematic Random Sampling
 A strategy for selecting the members of a sample that
allows only chance and a system to determine
membership in the sample.
 can be used by selecting every nth member from the
list of all population members
e.g
every number – 50%
every 5th number - 25%
every 20th number = 5%
C. Stratified Random Sampling
 Undertaken by first dividing the population into sub-
groups or categories or categories using appropriate
classification variables then randomly selecting
individuals from each subgroup
 e.g The population is composed of all PNU graduate
students enrolled during the second semester of
school year 2009 – 2010. Examples of variables that can
be used to classify the members of the population are
specialization and gender. If there are 20
specializations then there will be 40 sub-groups. The
members of each sub-group are identified then
selection of sample from each subgroup is made at
random.
D. Cluster Random Sampling
 occurs when you select the members of your sample in
clusters rather than in using separate individuals.
 Clusters or group from different categories are first
selected. The clusters are internally heterogeneous,
that is, they contain all types of possible respondents.
 E.g The research population is composed of all high
school students in the public schools in Manila.
E. Multi – Stage Sampling
 Done by randomly selecting samples staring from the
biggest groups to the smallest sub groups.
 E.g
The population is described as all Filipino
mothers.
* The researcher starts by selecting regions from
the three islands, from each region, provinces,
cities/municipalities, barangays then to households.
* In all stages, sampling is done randomly.
II. Non – Probability Sampling
 Members of the population do not have equal chance
to be selected or taken as part of the sample.
 Samples obtained using these techniques may not be
very representative of the population.
 Non- random
A. Convenience Sampling
 Used by a researcher who gets a sample composed of
members of the population who are available and
accessible to him/her. He does not have to involve all
the members of the population in the selection
process as long as he/ she can get enough cases from
those who are available.
 Based on the convenience of the researcher.
 e.g You want to know the opinion of Filipinos about
national reconciliation in the Philippines through
telephone interviews…..Whom are you going to
interview?
B. Purposive Sampling
 The researcher selects the members of the population
who can provide the necessary information for him to
achieve the purpose/s of his study.
 E.g
Find out a particular reaction of some students on
the devaluation of peso in Metro Manila.
Who would you ask of their opinion/reaction
about this?
C. Quota Sampling
 Similar to the stratified random sampling technique
that the researcher also classifies the population into
subgroups first before selecting individual members.
- The samples will match the population with regard to
the chosen set of characteristics.
- E.g Determine the most favored soft drinks from a
population from a population of televiewers.
- Interview televiewers who drink soft drinks and
continue the process until you arrive at your quota.