COLLECTION OF

DATA
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• Population
It is defined as a group of people, animals, places,
things, or ideas. Examples are: All students of PWC of
Davao, all teachers in PWC HRM Course, etc.

• Sample
It is part or subgroup of the population from
where the information is actually taken.
• Parameter
This is a numerical measure that describes the
characteristic s of a population

Examples:
1. The population mean of the electricity bills of the
residents of Juna Subdivision, Matina, Davao City is Php
2,000.00

2. The population mean of the students’ daily allowance

of the Philippine Women’s College of Davao is Php 125.
Sampling techniques
• Sampling techniques refer to methods of selecting
elements of a population, which would serve as
representatives of the whole population.
A. Probability Sampling
It is a sampling technique in which every
individual in a population has an equal chance of
being selected to be a member of the sample.
• 
Determining the Sample Size
•Sample
  size may be determined using the Slovin’s
Formula if the population size is given.

 
Where is the sample size
is the population size
is the margin of error
 
• Example: A group of PWC of Davao researchers
want to know the opinion about the PWC brand of
education. If there are 3,000 students in PWC of
Davao and the researchers plan to use a sampling
using a 10% margin of error, what should the
sample size be?

Solution: Given N=3,000, and e=10% or 0.10. To get

n, we use the Slovin’s Formula
• =

= = 96.77 or 97
Types of Probability Sampling
 
1. Random Sampling
• This type of probability sampling selects a sample using the
concept of the lottery method or table of random numbers.
In this sampling, each individual in the population has an
equal chance of being drawn into the sample.

Example: If you want to get 10 samples out of 50 names, you

may write down each name on a piece of paper. Place these
papers in a box and then draw 10 papers to obtain the
desired samples.

 
•2.  Systematic Sampling
• This type of probability sampling selects sample
units by drawing every nth element of a series of
representing the population.

Example: If N = 80 and n = 8, to get the samples,

divide the total population by the desired sample
size. Thus,. The 8 sample units are the 10 people
holding the following numbers: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,
70, and 80.
3. Stratified Random Sampling
• This type of probability sampling selects a sample
when the population is grouped or sectioned into
stratifications or strata.
4. Cluster Sampling
• This type of sampling uses groups or clusters of
units in the universe.

 
Methods of Collecting Data
1. Interview Method
• Direct Method
This method is appropriate if only a minimal number (less
than 30 individuals) of respondents required in the study. The
researcher may have a one-to-one personal interview with the
respondent at his convenient time. This is very costly and time-
consuming if the number of respondents is very large and they
are living far apart.
 
• Indirect Method
This method is quite expensive, especially if there are many
respondents needed in the study. The researcher may use a
telephone or any other means to interview the respondents.
 
2. Questionnaire Method
• This is a list of well-planned questions written to be
administered or mailed by the researcher to the
respondents.
3. Observation Method
• This method is commonly used in psychological and
anthropological studies. Using this method, data will
obtained by seeing, hearing, testing, touching, and
smelling. The observer may participate in the
activities of the group being studied (participant
observation) or he may just be a bystander
(nonparticipant observation). If the observation is
done in a laboratory, like a case of experimental
studies, this type of observation is called controlled
observation.
4. Test Method
• This method is widely used in psychological
research and psychiatry. Standard tests are used
because of their validity, reliability, and usability.

Examples: Aptitude tests, IQ tests, Achievement Tests,

etc.