POPULATION AND

SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
 Nature and Definition
Research requires an efficient and
effective means of ensuring the quality
of data that will be gathered.
It means that selection of appropriate
subjects or respondents of the study
that will generate data specific to the
purpose or objective of the inquiry.
 Universe
Population Sampling

Sample
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
1. Universe
⚫Is a totality of elements to which
research findings may apply.
⚫Also refers to the target population,
the group of people or objects from
which the researcher intends to collect
data and generalize the findings of the
study.
1. Universe (cont)
⚫Elements – refer to entities that make
up the sample and the population.

⚫Example:
patients, student nurses, staff nurses
2. Population
⚫It refers to the accessible group of
individuals from which the samples
will be drawn by the researcher,
consistent with specific criteria, or the
total possible participation of the
group in the study.
⚫It also refers to that portion of the
universe accessible to the researcher.
Types of Population
a. Target Population
This is the group of individuals or
objects which is of interest to the
researcher and about which speculative
information is desired.
Example:
All student nurses of X College of Nursing
All patients in the Medical-Surgical Ward
Types of Population
b. Subjects or Respondent Population
This is the group of individuals or
objects chosen to provide actual data and
information needed in a research.
Example:
BSN IV or the graduating student nurses of
X College of Nursing
Types of Population
c. Stratum
This term describes a mutually exclusive
segment of the population, distinguished
by one or more traits or qualifications.
Example:
Age – youngest to oldest
Civil status – single or married
Types of Population
d. Eligibility or Inclusion criteria
This is the criteria or characteristics
specified in the population to be included
in the study.
Exclusion criteria are the characteristics of the
popn. that are not specified in the study
and are therefore disqualified to
participate in the study.
3. Sampling
⚫ Is the process of selecting
representative portion of the
population to represent the entire
population.
⚫ This is a practical and efficient means
of ensuring the quality of data that
will be gathered.
Types of Sampling
a. Sampling Unit
It refers to a specific area or
place which can be used during the
sampling process.
Examples:
Medical-Surgical Ward
Skills Laboratory
Types of Sampling
b. Sampling Frame
This comprises a complete list of
sampling units from which sample is
drawn.
Examples:
If there are a total of 10 clinical areas
in a hospital only 2 or 3 areas are
sampled
Types of Sampling
c. Sampling Design
is the scheme that specifies the
number of samples drawn from the
population, the inclusion and exclusion
criteria for their choice and the
sampling technique used, such as
purposive, random sampling, stratified
and convenience sampling, among
others.
Types of Sampling
c. Sampling Design
example: Sloven Formula
n = ___N___
1 + Ne2
Where n = is the number of samples
N = is the population
e = sampling error ranging from 1% to
10%
Types of Sampling
d. Sampling Size
this is the total number of samples
who will participate in the study
after the sampling design was
completed.
Sampling Error – may arise when the value
of one sample size differ from another
drawn from the same population.

Sampling Bias – when data is influenced

by external factors so that the data no
longer represents the entire population.
4. Sample
⚫ Is a portion of the population from
which data will be solicited for the
purposes of the research.
⚫ It is a subgroup of the population
which constitutes the subjects or
respondents of the study.
Categories of Sample
⚫ Respondents or participants of the
study
⚫ These are individuals who will
respond to the survey particularly in
non-experimental or descriptive
studies.
Categories of Sample
⚫ Subjects of the study
⚫ These are individuals who will receive
treatment or intervention and or
special attention in an experimental
studies.
Categories of Sample
⚫ Key Informants or volunteer samples
⚫ These are individuals chosen to provide
the most vital information in qualitative
studies.
⚫ These are people who have the experience
and can articulate the phenomenon
under study and are willing to talk at
length with the researcher.
Example of Sample
⚫ From a university of 500 students at X
College of Nursing, only 100 BSN IV are
considered as the target population and
only 50 students out of 100 are chosen as
samples for the actual study. Thus, the
50 students represent the 500 student
nurses from which data are solicited.
5. Sample Size
⚫ One of the questions that researchers
are confronted with in sample
selection is: how large should the
sample be?
⚫ As a rule, a larger sample size is more
representative of the population than
a smaller sample.
A large sample size would be required in
instances such as the following:
⚫ Presence of variables which cannot be
controlled
⚫ Expected differences on a variable of
interest among population
⚫ Dividing the population into subgroups
⚫ Expected dropout rate among subjects is
high
⚫ Statistical tests used require minimum
sample sizes
Steps in Sampling
1. Identify the target population
2. Identify respondent population
3. Specify the inclusion and exclusion
criteria
4. Specify the sampling design
5. Recruit the subjects
Types of Sampling
1. Non – Probability Sampling
2. Probability Sampling
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
1. Accidental or Convenience
Data are
collected from
anyone
conveniently
available
1. Accidental or Convenience

Also called as Volunteer

Samples
2. Snowball or
Network or
Chain Sampling
present subjects
suggesting or
referring other
subjects
3. Purposive or Judgment
Sampling
selected
based on a
certain
criteria.
Examples:
Light-skinned
females between
50-60 years old

Person walking on the street

carrying clipboard and
approaching various
passersby and even homes
4. Quota Sampling
researcher identifies the
strata of the population

It divides the popn into

homogenous sub-popns to ensure
the presence of representative
proportions of the various strata
in the sample
Example:
A study on the effects of stress
management on the immune
systems of nurses with ovarian
cancer

Sample: 50 females from accessible

popn of 200 females between 45
and 60
Types of Probability
Sampling
1. Simple Random
In this method, the
selection of the
sample is done by
chance.
examples: Lottery
draws or a table of
random numbers
2. Stratified Random
the population is
subdivided into
areas, sections, then
random samples are
taken from each.
3. Cluster or Multi-Stage
Sampling
A small sample is
taken from various
sections of the
total population.

Example:
Province municipality village individual Respondent
4. Systematic or Sequential
Sampling

This consists of
taking every nth
person in a school,
community or
telephone
directory.
Importance of Sampling
⚫Ensures quality of subjects through its inclusion
and exclusion criteria
⚫Acknowledges and specifies the scope and
limitations of the study
⚫Maximizes time and effort for better and accurate
collection of data
⚫Ensures the quality of data since the sampling
process helps control or eliminates extraneous
variables
⚫Economical and financial concerns
The
end!!