SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Antonio selected 100 adults visiting a Zoo
Population: a set which includes all
measurements of interest to the researcher
(The collection of all responses,
measurements, or counts that are of
interest)
Sample: A subset of the population
Why sampling?
Impossible to study the whole population.
- Manageability of data
- Economic Reasons
- Time and effort
Types of Sampling:
● Probability sampling- Each member
of the population is given equal
chance or opportunity of being
included in the sample.
● Non-probability sampling- Each
member of the population does not
have an equal chance or opportunity
of being included in the sample.
Probability v/s Non-Probability
● Probability sampling
1. You have a complete sampling
frame
2. You can select a random sample
from your population
3. You can generalize your results from
a random sample
4. Can be more expensive and
time-consuming
● Non-Probability Sampling
1. Used when there isn’t an exhaustive
population list available.
2. Not random
3. Can be effective when trying to
generate ideas and getting feedback
4. More convenient and less costly
Biased and Unbiased
and asked them if they own pets. He found
that 90 of them did own a pet. He concluded
that 90% of all adults own pets.
Is this a valid conclusion?
- NOT VALID because his samples
are 100 adults who visited the zoo.
People who visit the Zoo are usually
fond of pets. This is an example of
biased sampling, and the 100
samples are called biased sample.
Kathy wants to know how many students in
her city use the internet for learning
purposes. She used an email poll. Based on
the replies to her poll, she found that 83% of
those surveyed used the internet.
Kathy’s sample is BIASED as she surveyed
only those students who use the internet.
Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling- The researcher
uses subjects that are readily available or
includes only people who are easy to reach.
Example: Using student volunteers as
subjects for the research.
Purposive sampling- The researcher looks
for predefined groups that will serve as
samples
example: The researcher wants to know
what it takes to graduate summa cum laude
in college, the only people who can give the
researcher first hand advise are the
individuals who graduated summa cum
laude.
Probability Sampling
● Simple Random Sampling
● Stratified Sampling
 ● Cluster Sampling
● Systematic Sampling
● Multi-Stage Sampling
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
- All members of the population have
a chance of being included in the
sample.
Example of SRS:
A credit card company wants to know the
percentage of credit card holders who are
satisfied with their new billing system. An
alphabetical listing of credit card holders is
available. One thousand random numbers
from a calculator will be generated. These
random numbers will be used in getting the
1000 card holders from the alphabetical list.
Stratified Sampling
- This technique is use when the
population can be subdivided into
several smaller groups (or strata)
and then SRS is applied to get
samples from each stratum
Example of Stratified Sampling:
Students are grouped according to year
level (i.e., grade 7, grade 8, grade 9 and
grade 10.) One hundred representatives
from each group will be chosen for the study
on the student’s grades in science and
mathematics.
Cluster Sampling
- This technique employs the use of
cluster (groups) instead of
individuals that are randomly chosen
Example: All children in five chosen districts
of Metro Manila will form a sample for the
study of the occurrence of dengue fever in
Metro Manila.
Systematic sampling
- It selects every kth member of the
population with the starting point
determined at random
Sample Size (n)
- Most statisticians agree that the
minimum sample size to get any
kind of meaningful result is 100. If
your population is less than 100 then
you really need to survey all of them.
A good maximum sample size is usually
10% as long as it does not exceed 1000
For example: In a population of 5000, 10%
would be 500. In a population of 200,000,
10% would be 20,000. This exceeds 1000,
so in this case, the maximum would be
1000.
n=???
IN RESEARCH: THE MORE SAMPLES WE
GET THE BETTER!
The opinion of 1,000 people is always better
than the opinion of 100 people!
Determining Sample Size
1. Using A Census for Small
Population (n<100)
2. Using Sample Size which is 10% of
N
3. Using Published Tables
4. Using Formulas to Determine
Sample Size: Slovin’s Formula\
If N is known:
Slovin’s Formula:
n is the sample size N is the population
size e is the margin of error

- To use the formula, first figure out

what you want your error of
tolerance to be.
- For example, you may be happy with
a confidence level of 95 percent
(giving a margin error of 0.05), or
you may require a tighter accuracy
of a 98 percent confidence level (a
margin of error of 0.02). Plug your
population size and required margin
of error into the formula. The result
will be the number of samples you
need to take.