F - test (Analysis of Variance ANOVA)
TSS – the total sum of squares
● The F-test is a parametric test used
to compare the means of two or
more groups of independent
samples. It is also known as the
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
● Three kinds of analysis of
variance :
- One-way analysis of
variance – only 1 variable
involved
- Two-way analysis of
variance – 2 variables
involved, the column and the
row variables.
- used to know if there are
significant differences between
and among columns and rows
● Three-way analysis of variance –
3 variables involved
Why use?
- To find if there is a significant
difference between and among the
means of the two or more
independent groups.
When to use?
- If there is normal distribution and
when the level of measurement is
expressed in interval or ratio data
(like t- test & z-test)
How to use?
- To get the F computed value, use
formula
𝐶𝐹= (𝐺𝑇)2 ⁄ 𝑁
Compute the following to construct the
ANOVA table
1.
minus CF, the correction factor
2. BSS – the between sum of squares
minus the CF
3. WSS – within sum of squares or it is
the difference between the TSS
minus the BSS
ANOVA TABLE
- The Mean Squares Between (MSB)
is equal to BSS/df
- The Mean Squares Within (MSW) is
equal to WSS/df
- To get the F-computed value, divide
MSB/MSW
- F-computed value must be
compared with the F-tabular value at
a given level of significance with the
corresponding dfs of BSS and WSS
Note:
If F-computed value > F-tabular value,
Disconfirm null hypothesis in favor of the
research hypothesis This means there is a
significant difference between and among
the means of the different groups
Sample Problem 1 (one-way ANOVA)
Solving by the Stepwise Method
Problem
Is there a significant difference in the
average sales of the four brands of
shampoo?
Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant difference in the
average sales of the four brands of
shampoo
H1: There is significant difference in the
average sales of the four brands of
shampoo
Decision Rule
If the F-computed value is greater than the
F-tabular value, disconfirm H0
Conclusion
Since F-computed > F-tabular (7.98 > 3.01)
at .05 level of significance and 24 degrees
of freedom, the null hypothesis is
disconfirmed.
This means that there is significant
difference in the average sales of the four
brands of shampoo
F-Test two-way ANOVA with interaction
effect
- Involves two variables, the column
and the row variables
- Used to find out if there is an
interaction effects between two
variables
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 (Two-way ANOVA)
Forty-five language students were randomly
assigned to one of three instructors and to
one of the methods of teaching then
achievement was measured on a test
administered at the end of the term. Use the
two-way ANOVA with interaction effect at
.05 level of significance to test the following
hypotheses:
I.
H0: There is no significant difference in the
performance of the three groups of students
under three different instructors
H1: There is a significant difference in the
performance of the three groups of students
under three different instructors
II.
H0: There is no significant difference in the
performance of the three groups of students
under three different methods of teaching
H1: There is a significant difference in the
performance of the three groups of students
under three different methods of teaching
III.
H0: Interaction effects are not present
H1: Interaction effects are present
Problem
1. Is there a significant difference in the
performance of students under the
three different teachers?
2. Is there a significant difference in the
performance of students under the
three different methods of teaching?
3. Is there an interaction effect
between teacher and method of
teaching factors?

Hypotheses
Given
Decision Rule
If the F-computed value is greater than the
F-tabular/critical value, disconfirm H0

Conclusion
- Since F-computed (column) >
F-tabular [24.82 > 3.26] at .05 level
of significance with 2 and 36
degrees of freedom, the null
hypothesis is disconfirmed. This
means that there is a significant
difference in the performance of
three groups of students under three
different instructors.

Conclusion
- Since F-computed (row) < F-tabular
[1.95 < 3.26] at .05 level of
significance with 2 and 36 degrees
of freedom, the null hypothesis is
confirmed. This means that there is
no significant difference in the
performance of the students under
three different methods of teaching.

- Since F-computed (interaction) >

F-tabular [13.03 > 2.63] at .05 level
of significance with 4 and 36
degrees of freedom, the null
hypothesis is disconfirmed. This
means that an interaction effect is
present between the instructors and
their methods of teaching.

Interpretation
- Students under instructor B have
better performance under methods
of teaching 1 and 3 while students
under instructor C have better
performance under method 2.