HYPOTHESIS TESTING The Null Hypothesis: Ho

What is a Hypothesis Ho: The average GPA of this class is 3.5

- an assumption about the population
parameter
- an educated guess about the
population parameter
Hypotheses Testing: This is the process of
making an inference or generalization on
population parameters based on the results
of the study on samples.
H0: u = 3.5
The Alternative Hypothesis: Ha
Ha: The average GPA of this class is
a) higher than 3.5 (Ha: m > 3.5)
b) lower than 3.5 (Ha: m < 3.5)
c) not equal to 3.5 (Ha: m 3.5)

Statistical Hypotheses: It is a guess or

prediction made by the researcher
regarding the possible outcome of the study.

Hypotheses Testing- is deciding between

what is REALITY and what is
COINCIDENCE!

Steps in Hypothesis Testing

Step 1. Formulate Ho and Ha

Step 2. Set the level of significance, usually,
it is given in the problem.
Step 3. Formulate the decision rule (when to
reject Ho); Find the critical value/P-value.
Step 4. Test Statistics; do the computation.
Step 5. Make your decision
Step 6. Write a conclusion.

Types of Statistical Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (Ho): is always hoped to

be rejected Always contains “=“ sign
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):
- Challenges Ho
- Never contains “=“ sign
- Uses “< or > or “
- It generally represents the idea that
the researcher wants to prove.
CRITERION:
1. One-tailed test (right directional)
“Reject H0 if Zc ≥ Zt”
2. One-tailed test (left directional)
“Reject H0 if Zc ≤ Zt”
3. Two-tailed test (both sides)
“Reject H0 if Zc ≥ Zt”
and
“Reject H0 if Zc ≤ Zt”

Testing the hypothesized Value of the

Mean

Examples:
1. A pharmaceutical firm claims that
the average time for a drug to take
effect is 18 minutes with a standard
deviation of 2 minutes. In a sample
of 36 trials, the average time was 20
minutes. Test the claim against the
alternative that the average time is
not equal to 18 minutes, using a .01
level of significance.

Given:
𝜇=18 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝜎=2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑛=36
𝑥 ̅=20 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝛼=0.01
 sales? Assume that the distribution of
daily sales are approximately normally
distributed. Use α = .01.

Given:
𝜇=12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑛=90 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑥 ̅=15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑠=4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝛼=0.01

2. The daily wages in a particular

industry are normally distributed with a
mean of P466.00. If a company in this
industry employing 144 workers pays, on
the average, P462.00 with a standard
deviation of P40, can this company be
accused of paying inferior wages at the
.05 level of significance?

4. The mean content of 30 bottles of

brand S mango juice is 355 milliliters
(ml) with a standard deviation of 9 ml. Is
this in line with the manufacturer’s claim
that the bottle contains, on average, 360
ml? Use a .05 level of significance.

Given:
𝑛=30 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑥 ̅=255 𝑚𝑙.
𝑠=9 𝑚𝑙.
𝜇=360 𝑚𝑙.
𝛼=0.05

3. The manager of an appliance store,

after noting that the average daily sales
was only 12 units, decided to adopt a
new marketing strategy. Daily sales
undera this strategy were recorded for
90 days after which period the average
was found to be 15 units with a s.d. of 4
units. Does this indicate that the new
marketing strategy increased the daily
For Classroom Discussion
Use Z-test for large sample size if
𝒏≥𝟑𝟎
Use t-test for small sample size if
𝒏<𝟑𝟎
5. The mean content of 25 bottles of
brand S mango juice is 355 milliliters
(ml) with a standard deviation of 13 ml.
Is this in line with the manufacturer’s
claim that the bottle contains, on
average, 360 ml? Use 𝛼=0.05 level of
significance.
Given:
𝑛=25 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑥 ̅=355 𝑚𝑙.
𝑠=13 𝑚𝑙.
𝜇=360 𝑚𝑙.
𝛼=0.05
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚(𝑑𝑓)=𝑣=𝑛−1=25−1=24
6. In a time and motion study, it was
found that the average time required by
workers to complete a certain manual
operation was 26.6 minutes with a
standard deviation of 3 minutes. A
group of 25 workers was randomly
chosen to receive a special training for 2
weeks. After the training, it was found
that their average time was 24 minutes.
Can it be concluded that the special
training speeds up the operation? Use α
= .05.
Given:
𝜇=26.6 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝜎=3 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑛=25 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑥 ̅=24 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝛼=0.05
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚(𝑑𝑓)=𝑣=𝑛−1=25−1=24
Testing the Difference between Two
Means
7. In a certain college in Metro Manila, a
study was conducted to determine
whether the IQ scores of students who
came from provincial high schools differ
significantly from those students who
came from city high schools. An IQ test
was given to 200 (100 from each group)
college freshmen and the results are as
follows:
8. An accounting firm recently instituted
a job enrichment program involving 16
selected employees with the aim of
increasing employee motivation. The
company researcher wants to determine
whether such program has achieved the
objectives by giving a motivation test to
the 16 recipients of the job enrichment
program and the 12 other employees
who were not included in the program.
For the first group, the average score
obtained on the motivation test was 68.5
with a standard deviation of 8. For the
second group, the average score was
62.2 with a standard deviation of 10. Is
the job enrichment program effective?
Use α = 0.10.