Introduction and Terminologies
DSILYTC- FIRST MEETING
Purpose of Statistics
- To provide information
- To provide comparisons
- To help discern relationships
- To aid in decision making
- To estimate unknown
quantities
- To justify claims or assertions
- To predict future outcomes
Statistics
- A science that deals with the
collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data
Analyze- extraction of data
Branches of Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Consists of methods
concerned with collection,
organization, summarization,
and presentation of a set of
data
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Comprised of those methods
concerned with making
predictions or inferences about
an entire population based on
information provided by the
sample
Population and sample
Population
- Consists of the totality of all the
elements or entities from which
you want to obtain an
information
Sample
- A subset of the population
A Car Company wants to know the
top 3 features of cars that are most
important to licensed drivers in the
Philippines. The Company
telephones 100 Alabang residents
and asks a series of questions
1) Which of these is the
population in this survey?
Justify your answer.
(a) all licensed drivers in
Alabang
(b) all residents in Alabang
(c) all licensed drivers in the
Philippines
(d) all residents of the
Philippines
2) Which of these is the
sample in this survey? Justify
your answer.
(a) 100 licensed drivers in
Alabang
(b) all licensed drivers in
Alabang
 (c) 100 licensed drivers in
the Philippines
(d) all licensed drivers in the
Philippines
CENSUS AND SURVEY
Census
- the process of collecting
information from the population
Survey
- the process of collecting
information from the sample
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
Paramater
- a summary or numerical
measure used to describe a
population
Statistic
- a summary or numerical
measure used to describe a
sample
CONSTANT
- A characteristic or property of
a population or sample which
makes the members similar to
each other
VARIABLES
- any characteristic or
information measurable or
observable on every element
of the population or sample
Qualitative (Categorical)
- Variables variables that
indicate what kind of a given
characteristic an individual,
object, or event possesses.
Quantitative (Numerical) Variables
- variables that indicate how
much a given characteristic an
individual, object, or event
possesses
Types of quantitative variables
Discrete Variables
- variables whose values are
obtained through the process
of counting
Continuous Variables
- variables whose values are
obtained through the process
of measuring
Dependent
- a variable which is affected by
another variable
- Ex. “test scores” is dependent
on number of hours spent in
studying, IQ, attitude towards
studying, etc…
Independent
- a variable which affects the
dependent variable
- Ex. “number of hours spent in
studying” affects test scores
Scales of measurement of
variables

Nominal
- Variables whose values are
simply labels or names or
categories without any explicit
or implicit ordering of the
labels;
- Lowest level of measurement
known as categorical scale.

Ordinal
- Variables whose values are
simply labels or names or
categories with an implied
ordering in these labels;
- Ranking can be done on the
data
- Distance between two labels
can not be determined.

Interval
- Variables whose values can be
ordered and distance between
any two labels are of known
size;
- Always numeric and have no
true zero point.

Ratio
- Variables whose values have
all the properties of the interval
scale and the ratio of two
values is meaningful
- Has a true zero point;
- Highest level of measurement