UNI ID: 17031103
1. Define the term Statistics.
Statistics can be defined as the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
2. What are the utilities of Statistics?
 It presents facts in a definite form.
 It simplifies mass of figures.
 It facilitates comparison.
 It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis.
 It helps in prediction.
3. What is a statistical package?
A statistical package is a suite of computer programs that
are specialized for statistical analysis. It enables people to
obtain the results of standard statistical procedures and
statistical significance tests, without requiring low-level
numerical programming. Most statistical packages also
provide facilities for data management.
4. What does "SPSS" stand for?
“Statistical Package for Social Sciences”.
5. Write the utilities of SPSS.
 Market research.
 Product enhancements.
 Product preferences and usage.
 Customer attitudes and behaviors.
 Demographic surveys.
 Referral identification.
 Population/member demographics.
 Employee satisfaction surveys.
 Employee attitude studies.
6. What are the types of variables available in
SPSS?
 Numeric
 Comma
 Scientific
 Dollar
 String
7. What do you mean by Dummy Variable?
A variable with two values is called Dummy variable. E.g.
Male and female.
8. What do you mean by categorical variable?
A variable for which numbers are simply identifiers and do
not have mathematical properties, such as order. For
example, the sales territory in which a company’s customer
lives (Central, North, and South) is a categorical variable,
also called as nominal variable.
9. What do mean by correlation?
Correlation analysis is tool of determining the degree of
relationship between the Variables.
10. Define Sorting.
Sorting defines the order in which data are arranged in the
data file and displayed on your screen.
11. What is positive correlation?
Two variables are said to be positively correlated if both
variables are change in the same direction. I.e. increase in
one variable value will increase the other variable at the
same time decrease in one value of variable leads to
decrease in another.
12. What is negative correlation?
If the two-variable change in opposite directions, they are
called negative Correlation
13. Bring out the basic difference between
correlation and regression.
Correlation coefficient is a measure of degree of co
variability between two variables where regression analysis
is to study the nature of relationships between two variables.
14. How do you express the regression equation of
Y on X?
Y = a + b X (a=intercept, b= Slope of the equation)
15. How do you express the regression equation of
X on Y?
X = a + b Y (a=intercept, b= Slope of the equation)
16. State the purpose of computing correlation co-
efficient.
Correlation co-efficient is used to simply compare two
factors to see how closely those factors correlate to another.
17. State the purpose of doing chi square analysis.
The Chi Square test is used to test the significant different
between observed and expected frequencies. Always the
Chi-Square test is used to test whether there is significant
difference exists between two variables.
18. What is cross tabulation?
A table that shows the relationship between two or more
variables by presenting all a combination of categories of
variables is called as Cross tabulation.
19. What do you mean by frequencies?
Tables showing what number or percentage of respondents
gave each answer to a question are called as frequencies.
20. Explain the term ‘Non-Parametric test’.
Nonparametric tests — Statistical tests that require either no
assumptions or very few assumptions about a population’s
distribution.
21. What is a Hypothesis?
Hypothesis is an assumed statement which should be proved
or disproved while doing the research analysis.
22. Define Research.
Research is the serious academic activity with the set of
objectives to identify and find the problem or find the
solutions to the problem by systematic way of organizing,
collecting and analyzing the data related to the problem.

23. Define Variance.
Variance is a measure of how data points differ from the
mean
24. Explain the term research design.
Research Design refers to the step by step approach towards
research. It explains the sequence of activities involved
while conducting the research.
25. What is desk research?
All types of research conducted with in the organizations are
called desk research.
26. What is documentary research?
Documentary research involves the use of texts and
documents as source materials: government publications,
newspapers, certificates, census publications, novels, film
and video, paintings, personal photographs, diaries and
innumerable other written, visual and pictorial sources in
paper, electronic, or other `hard copy' form.
27. What is mapping?
It is a valuable technique for visually displaying relationship
between data related to the problem.
28. State the differences between Qualitative and
Quantitative research.
Qualitative research is based on quality attributes of the
Data whereas Quantitative research is based on quantity
attributes of the data.
29. What is cross sectional survey?
It refers to the survey of combination of clinical and
community population.
30. What do you meant by interpretation of data?
Interpretation of data means giving meaning to numeric data
obtained from the statistical research analysis.
Positivist and Interpretivist:
 Positivist prefers quantitative method such as social
surveys, structured questionnaires and official
statistics because they have good reliability and
representatives. It believes social facts shape
individuals and based upon trend and patterns. It
looks for correlation between two or more variables
and is known as comparative method.
 An Interpretivist approach to social science would
be much more qualitative, using methods such as
unstructured interviews or participant observation.
It believes many statistics it relies are socially
constructed.
Chi-square goodness of fit test: It is a non-parametric
test that is used to find out how the observed value of given
phenomenon is significantly different from the expected
value. The term goodness of fit is used to compare the
observed sample distribution with the expected probability
distribution.
UNI ID: 17031103
Test of association: It is the test to calculate difference
between median scores of all variable groups to know the
ranking of quality of data.
Regression: It is a technique used for modeling and
analysis of numerical data consisting of value of dependent
variable and of one or more independent variable and used
for prediction, hypothesis and modeling of casual
relationship.
Simple Regression: It is a model for dependent variable
explained by one independent variable.
Multiple Regression: It involves more than one
independent variables.
Objectives of regression :
 Estimate the unknown parameters in the regression
model (fitting the model to the data).
 Predict or forecast the response variable and these
predictions are helpful in planning the project.
Correlation Coefficient(R): It is a measure of strength
of relationship between two variables i.e. either strong or
weak (0.70-1= strong, less than 0.70 =weak)
Coefficient of determination (R2): The proportion of
total variance in the outcome variable explained by a linear
model with a single explanatory variable.
Correlation: It is a strength of association between two
variables; tells us how much two variables are associated
with each other.
Central Limit Theorem: As the sample size gets large,
enough sampling distribution gets almost normal regardless
of the size of the population.
Inferential statistics: It uses a random sample of data taken
from a population to describe and make inferences about the
population. It is valuable when each member of an entire
population is not convenient or possible.
Importance of Critical path Analysis:
 The critical path has activities that do not tolerate
any delay
 It is the longest path in project. It gives project
duration.
 Any delay in completing activities on critical will
delayed the project and very likely will cost more.
A project manager needs to look carefully at
critical path.
 Any other activities, not the critical path, can be
delayed, without delaying project further.
P-value: P-value is the level of marginal significance
within a statistical hypothesis test representing the
probability of the occurrence of a given event.