Final Exam Study Sheet Chapter 8-12

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1. Alpha in the statistical significance level 12. descriptive descriptive studies are used to develop
research is vs theories, identify problems, find trends,
defined by correlation examine variables and primarily for gaining
design more information.
2. ANCOVA allows the researcher to examine the effect of a
treatment apart from the effect of one or more
correlational studies examine relationships,
confounding variables such as pretest scores,
have large samples. includes model testing
education, social class and anxiety level by
design, used to test a hypothesized casual
statistically removing them
model
3. ANOVA looks at the difference in variances in three of
13. effect size a measure of how important a difference is,
more groups
looking at the relationship between two
reported as an F statistic, which is validated by
groups
looking at the F distribution table and if there
are more than 2 groups, you need a post hoc
large effect sizes mean the difference is
analysis
important
4. attrition the loss of participants during a study
14. Elements of intervention, method of sampling
5. bias slant or deviation from what is true, can be due Experimental number of groups in the sample
to experimenter, components of environment, Design number and timing of measurements to be
selection of ppts performed
6. causality examining if there is an effect of an intervention time frame for data collection
on a specific group planned comparisons
control of extraneous variables
7. chi-square A significance test used to determine if a linear
test relationship exists between two variables 15. inferential numerical data that allow one to generalize-
measured on interval or ratio scales, are they statistics to infer from sample data the probability of
related or independent? something being true of a population

8. control having the power to direct or manipulative 16. Measures of Average of the data, if the distribution is
factors to achieve a desired outcome Central perfectly normal, the values are equal. The
Tendency - mode is the one that occurs at most, the
9. cross research design that examines people of
what is the median is the midpoint and the mean is the
sectional different ages at a single point in time
mean mode sum of scores divided by the number of
design
median scores.
could look at ppt who are at various stages in
life or a disease to provide more totality of the 17. multicasuality examines the presence of multiple causes for
process one point in time an effect

10. cut-off the probability level at which the results of an 18. person's an inferential analysis technique that examines
point of the analysis are judged to find a sig stat difference correlation bivariate correlation in studies (the BC is the
level of between the groups extent of relationship between two variables)
statistical
significance in nursing it is 0.05, if the P value is less or measures strength between two variables
equal to than 0.05, the experimental &
comparison groups are sig different measured in correlation cofficient (r) between
-1 and +1, indicating the relationship between 2
11. descriptive numerical data used to measure and describe
variables
statistics characteristics of groups. Includes measures of
central tendency and measures of variation 19. population population includes a target population
and determined by sampling criteria, in that an
elements accessible population, in that a sample
chosen by a sampling method and in that an
element -> the participant, subject, object or
event

P ->TP-> AP-> Sample ->Element

20. power evaluates the adequacy of the sample size, 33. What is the lowest of four measurement categories,
analysis power is the ability to detect differences nominal level used when categories cannot be rank-
that actually exist, it must be at least 0.8 or measurement? ordered
80% to be acceptable
ex. medical diagnoses cannot be ranked
21. probability likelihood that a particular event will occur,
is relative rather than absolute
categories must not be order-able but
22. p-value The probability level which forms basis for must be exclusive
deciding if results are statistically significant
34. What is Ordinal is when data are assigned to
(not due to chance)
ordinal level categories that can be ranked but you don't
23. Ratio-level highest level of measurement, characterized measurement? know if the intervals between the categories
measurement by equal distances between scores having are equal
an absolute zero point
35. What is the probability sampling
gold standard
ex. grade
in sampling?
24. Reliability consistency of measurement method

ex. if the measurement scale shows similar

scores with repeat testing
25. statistical a statistical statement of how likely it is that
significance an obtained result occurred by chance
26. T-test most common way to test for sig diff

examines group differences, have sample-

specific types of t-tests
27. Type II Error false negative (when the null hypothesis is
true but it is actually false, caused by flaws
in research methods
often high in nursing studies
28. Types of experimental, quasi-experimental, non-
quantitative experimental (correlational and descriptive)
designs
29. validity the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to, measured
on a continuum
30. variance indicates the spread or dispersion of the
scores
31. What is the practical relevance of findings, effect
clinical size is relevant
significance?
32. What is uses scales that have equal intervals
interval-level between the categories
measurement?
ex. temperature