CONDUCTING ONLINE SURVEY/

DESCRIPTIVE & INFERENTIAL

DATA ANALYSIS
NEPTHALIE J. GONZALES
MASTER TEACHER I
BAHAY PARE NHS, SDO-PAMPANGA

CONDUCTING
ONLINE SURVEY
ONLINE SURVEYS
A structured questionnaire that your target
participant completes over the internet
generally through lling out of form.
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 1 Speed and reach

2 Cost
Advantages
of Online 3 Flexibility
Survey
-Ball (2019) 4 Automation

5 Ease
Design of an Online Survey
Identity and af liation of the
Introductory page
researchers

Details of what Con rmation of ethical

participation will approval
entail
(Alessi & Martin, 2010)
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 1 INFORMED CONSENT

ETHICAL ISSUES 2 INCENTIVES

3
PRIVACY, ANONYMITY &
CONFIDENTIALITY
 https://yaswanthmangalagiri.blogspot.com/2016/12/
incomplete-eureka-moment.html

https://surveyanyplace.com/consent-form-template/

Source: DOH Survey on Resbakuna

purpose questions analyze the data

respondents software data collection

Design of an Online Survey

Types of Question in Online Survey

Multiple choice Multiple choic

(Single select) (Multiple response)
e

Types of Question in Online Survey

Rank order question

Likert Scale

Net promoter score

question
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
DATA ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
In quantitative research, questions or
hypotheses necessitate that you:
Describe trends in the data to a single variable or question on your
instrument
Compare two or more groups on the independent variable in terms
of the dependent variable
Relate two or more variables
Test Hypotheses about the di erences in the groups or the
relationship of variables
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Descriptive statistics

describe and summarize the data

(Babbie, 2013; Fallon, 2016)
Descriptive statistics

1. Measures of central tendency

2. Measures of Variability

3. Measures of relative standing

 Descriptive statistics
1. Measures of central tendency
- Use a single value to represent the sample.

• Mean: the average

• Median: the “middle” value
• Mode: the most frequent value in the sample

(Fallon, 2016)
 Descriptive statistics
2. Measures of Variability
- indicates the spread of the scores in a distribution

• Range: the difference between the highest and lowest scores to items on
an instrument.

• Variance: indicates the dispersion of scores around the mean.

• Standard deviation: “how individual scores relate to all scores within

the distribution”
 Descriptive statistics
3. Measures of Relative standing
- describe one score relative to a group of scores

• z score: enables the researcher to compare scores from one instrument to

scores from another instrument.

• Percentile rank: the percentage of participants in the distribution of

scores at or below a particular score.
 Descriptive statistics

Central Tendency Variability Relative Standing

Mean Variance z score

Median Standard deviation Percentile rank
Mode Range

(Creswell, 2012)
Inferential statistics

test the research questions or hypotheses

and make inferences about the population
from which the sample was selected
(Adler & Clark, 2011)
Inferential statistics
t-Test
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Chi-square (X2)
Cramer’s V
Pearson product-moment correlation
Multiple r regression
Inferential statistics
‣t-Test
A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two
groups. It is often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a
process or treatment actually has an effect on the population of interest,
or whether two groups are different from one another.

(Bevans, 2020)
 Inferential statistics
‣Type of t-Test
‣paired t-test If the groups come from a single population

‣ two sample t-test If the groups come from two different population

If there is one group being compared against a

‣ one sample t-test standard value.

(Bevans, 2020)
 Inferential statistics
‣One-tailed or two-tailed t-test

‣ two-tailed t-test If you only care whether the two populations are
different from one another.

If you want to know whether one population

‣ one-tailed t-test mean is greater than or less than the other.

(Bevans, 2020)
 Inferential statistics

‣ Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

is a statistical test used to analyze the difference between the means of
more than two groups.
 Inferential statistics

‣ Types of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

‣One-way ANOVA Used when you want to test two groups to see if there’s a
difference between them.

Used to estimate how the mean of quantitative variable

‣Two-way ANOVA changes as the levels of two categorical variables change.

With replication: Two groups, and the members of those groups are doing more than one thing.

Without replication: Used when you have one group and you’re double-testing that same group.
 Inferential statistics
‣ Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Analysis of covariance is used to test the main and interaction effects of
categorical variables on a continuous dependent variable, controlling for
the effects of selected other continuous variables, which co-vary with the
dependent. The control variables are called the "covariates."
 Inferential statistics

‣ANCOVA is used for several purposes:

Experiment Designs Observational Designs Regression models

 Inferential statistics
‣Chi-square (X )
2

A chi-square (X2) statistic is a measure of the difference between the

observed and expected frequencies of the outcomes of a set of events or
variables.

(Hayes, 2020)
 Inferential statistics
‣Chi-square (X )
2

A chi-square (X2) can be used to test whether two variables are related or
independent from one another or to test the goodness-of-fit between an
observed distribution and a theoretical distribution of frequencies.

(Hayes, 2020)
 Inferential statistics

‣Cramer’s V

Is a measure of association between two nominal variables, giving a value

between 0 and 1.
 Inferential statistics
‣Pearson product-moment correlation
Is a measure of strength of a linear association between two variables and
is denoted by r.

• 1 indicates a strong positive relationship

• -1 indicates a strong negative relationship
• A result of zero indicates no relationship at all.
 Inferential statistics
‣Pearson product-moment correlation

Positive correlation No correlation Negative correlation

 Inferential statistics
‣Multiple r Regression
Explains the relationship between multiple independent or predictor
variables and one dependent or criterion variable.
Inferential statistics
Statistical Test Type of measure Overview

Used to compare the results of two groups

t-Test Comparison (statistical signi cance of di erences in groups’
means) (Babbie, 2013)

Used to compare the results of more than two

Analysis of
Comparison groups (statistical signi cance of di erences in
variance (ANOVA)
groups’ means) (Babbie, 2013)

Use to compare the results of more than two

Analysis of
Comparison groups, controlling for covariates (Creswell,
covariance
2014)
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Inferential statistics

Statistical Test Type of measure Overview

A test of signi cance based on the null

hypothesis (Babbie, 2013), used to test the
Chi-square (X2) Association
association between two categorical variables
(Creswell, 2014)

Used to test the strength of the relationship

between two variables. Results in a score
Cramer’s V Association between 0 and 1 (0 indicates no relationship
whatsoever and 1 indicates a perfect
relationship) (Adler & Clark, 2011)
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Inferential statistics

Statistical Test Type of measure Overview

Pearson product- Used to determine the strength and direction of

moment Correlation a relationship between two variables (Adler &
correlation Clark, 2011)

Multiple r Used to relate three or more continuous

Correlation
regression variables
Interpreting and Representation

Tables Histogram Scatterplot Bar and line graphs

References
Andrews, D., Nonnecke, B., & Preece, J. (2003). Conduc ng Research on the Internet : Online
Survey Design , Development and Implementa on Guidelines. Interna onal Journal of
Human-Computer Interac on, 16(2), 185–210.
Ball, H. L. (2019). Conduc ng Online Surveys. Journal of Human Lacta on, 35(3), 413–417.
h ps://doi.org/10.1177/0890334419848734
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educa onal Research Fourth Edi on : Planning, Conduc ng, and
Evalua ng Quan ta ve and Qualita ve Research.
Leavy, P. (1377). Research Design: Quan ta ve, Qualita ve, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and
Community-Based Par cipatory Research Approaches.
Muijs, D. (2004). Doing Quan ta ve Research in Educa on with SPSS. In Nursing standard
(Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (Vol. 29).
h ps://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.31.44.e8681
Van Selm, M., & Jankowski, N. W. (2006). Conduc ng online surveys. Quality and Quan ty,
40(3), 435–456. h ps://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-8081-8
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Thank You!
NEPTHALIE SAN JOSE GONZALES
Master Teacher I
Bahay Pare National High School, SDO-Pampanga
Student - Doctor of Philosophy in Science Education
Philippine Normal University, Taft Ave. Manila

gonzales.ns@pnu.edu.ph