Statistics in Title Structuring

Quantitative Research
Design
{ JOSE MELARTE G. GOOCO JR.
DLSUD-PLMUN
  Statistics, the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting, and interpreting data.

 Population
 Sample size
 Variables (Dependent, Intervening,
Independent)
 Sampling Technique
 Descriptive Two Major Design
 Inferential

Statistics
  The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where
you add up all the numbers and then divide by the
number of numbers. The "median" is the "middle"
value in the list of numbers. To find the median, your
numbers have to be listed in numerical order from
smallest to largest, so you may have to rewrite your
list before you can find the median. The "mode" is the
value that occurs most often. If no number in the list
is repeated, then there is no mode for the list.

 Mean. Median. Mode

Descriptive Statistics
  https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/interquartile-rang
e
/
 Variability is most commonly measured with the
following descriptive statistics:
 Range: the difference between the highest and lowest
values
 Interquartile range: the range of the middle half of a
distribution
 Standard deviation: average distance from the mean
 Variance: average of squared distances from the
mean

Standard deviation, Range,

Interquartile range, Variance
  Inferential statistics helps to suggest
explanations for a situation or phenomenon. It
allows you to draw conclusions based on
extrapolations, and is in that way
fundamentally different from descriptive
statistics that merely summarize the data that
has actually been measured.

Inferential Statistics
T-test vs Z-test
 The Chi Square statistic is commonly used for
testing relationships between categorical
variables. The null hypothesis of the Chi-Square
test is that no relationship exists on the categorical
variables in the population; they are independent.
An example research question that could be
answered using a Chi-Square analysis would be:

Is there a significant relationship between voter

intent and political party membership?

CHI SQUARE
  ANOVA is a statistical technique that assesses potential
differences in a scale-level dependent variable by a
nominal-level variable having 2 or more categories. For
example, an ANOVA can examine potential differences in
IQ scores by Country (US vs. Canada vs. Italy vs. Spain).
Developed by Ronald Fisher in 1918, this test extends the t
and the z test which have the problem of only allowing the
nominal level variable to have two categories. This test is
also called the Fisher analysis of variance.

 The use of ANOVA depends on the research design.

Commonly, ANOVAs are used in three ways: one-way
ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and N-way ANOVA.

ANOVA
  Correlation is a bivariate analysis that
measures the strength of association between
two variables and the direction of the
relationship. In terms of the strength of
relationship, the value of the correlation
coefficient varies between +1 and -1.

Correlation (Pearson, Kendall,

Spearman)
 Regression tests
 Regression tests are used to test cause-and-

effect relationships. They look for the effect of

one or more continuous variables on another
variable.

Regression Test
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/statistical-tests/#:~:text=Regression%20tests%20are%20used
%20to,continuous%20variables%20on%20another%20variable.
 Outcome variable Research question
Predictor variable example

Simple linear regressi •Continuous •Continuous What is the effect

on •1 predictor •1 outcome of income on longevit
y?

Multiple linear regres •Continuous •Continuous What is the effect

sion •2 or more predictors •1 outcome of income and minut
es of exercise per
day on longevity?

Logistic regression •Continuous •Binary What is the effect

of drug dosage on
the survival of a test
subject?
  Qualitative research design: Qualitative research determines
relationships between collected data and observations based
on mathematical calculations. Theories related to a naturally
existing phenomenon can be proved or disproved using
statistical methods. Researchers rely on qualitative research
design methods that conclude “why” a particular theory
exists along with “what” respondents have to say about it.
 Quantitative research design: Quantitative research is for
cases where statistical conclusions to collect actionable
insights are essential. Numbers provide a better perspective
to make critical business decisions. Quantitative research
design methods are necessary for the growth of any
organization. Insights drawn from hard numerical data and
analysis prove to be highly effective when making decisions
related to the future of the business.

Research Design
  Develop a doable topic.Determine what resources you have available
—time, money, people—and choose a topic that you can do justice.
Getsch scrapped an initial study idea of replicating another
researcher’s study because it would be too resource-intensive.
 Read everything you can on the topic. Getsch “stumbled across”
systems theory, an interdisciplinary framework for understanding
systems in science and society. The topic was outside her required
class reading, but ultimately provided Getsch’s theoretical framework.
 Find a theoretical basis to support your topic. The key is having an
overarching theoretical context for your results. “I was really thrilled
when I found these theories that fit my study like a glove,” Getsch
says.
 Make sure the topic will hold your interest. You’ll be spending at
least a year on a dissertation or any large research project, so it has to
be compelling enough that you’ll go the distance.

Choosing Topic/Title
  Look for a niche in which you can make a difference … My view is
that you really should be offering something new to the field,” says
Getsch.
 … but remember you can’t change the world with one dissertation.
Getsch’s dissertation committee chair, Dr. Stephanie Cawthon,
helped her focus on the crux of what she wanted to explore. “She
gently pointed out that I couldn’t change the whole world with my
dissertation, but I could add to the body of knowledge,” says Getsch.
 Let yourself shift gears. Getsch admits that the topic she started out
with was “in no way” what she ended up with.
 Fine-tune your topic based on input from others. “Take every
opportunity you can to pick the brains” of experts, Getsch
recommends. “I went across disciplines. I drove people crazy. And
each time, I would revise slightly based on what the last person
taught me.”

Choosing Topic/Title
  1. Research design
 2. Population
 3. Sample size
 4. sampling Technique
 5. Research Question
 6. Test of hypothesis

Title Structuring
  1. What is the
demographic profile  1. Research design
 2. What is the  2. Population
effectiveness  3. Sample size
 3. What is the  4. sampling Technique
seriousness of the
problem  5. Test of Hypothesis
 4. Is there significant (inferential statistics)
difference in the answers
of the respondents

Effectiveness of Patrol Operation in

Crime Prevention
 Research design-
Quantitative-
 Sample size- magic
Descriptive Design number is 385
 Population
 Sampling Technique-
clustered sampling
 -police
 Test of hypothesis-
 -barangay peace officer
ANOVA
 -community
  You are bound to master the use of statistics in
quantitative design in criminological research

Thank You Very Much