PAPER #6

ADVANCED STATISTICS
I. Define the following:
1. Hypothesis- A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter . This assumption may or may not be true. For instance, the
statement that a population mean is equal to 10 is an example of a statistical hypothesis. A researcher might conduct a statistical experiment to test the
validity of this hypothesis.

2. Alternative Hypothesis- is what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true.

3. Null Hypothesis- is a typical statistical theory which suggests that no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given single observed
variable, between two sets of observed data and measured phenomena.

4. Critical Value- is the value of the test statistic which defines the upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval, or which defines the threshold of
statistical significance in a statistical test.

5. Tabular Value- are P-values corresponding to particular cut-offs and are for z values calculated to two decimal places.

II. The following are some statistical treatments used in research study. Determine the formula for each and identify when to use the following statistical
treatment.
PARAMETRIC TESTS
Statistical
Formula When to Use? Sample Problem and Solution
Treatment
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
 You can use
the test for
continuous
data. Your
One data should
sample t-
test be a random
sample from
a normal
population.

Statistical
differences
between the
means of two
groups. Statistica
l differences
Independent
between the
t-test means of two
interventions. St
atistical
differences
between the
means of two
change scores.
 We use the t-test
for dependent
means when
we collect data
two different
times on a
single sample
Dependent t-
drawn from a
test population or
when two
different people
are sampled as a
pair because they
are linked in
some fashion in
the population.
 You would use
ANOVA to help
you understand
how your
different groups
respond, with a
null hypothesis
for the test that
the means of the
One-way
ANOVA
different groups
are equal. If there
is a statistically
significant result,
then it means that
the two
populations are
unequal (or
different)
 used to
estimate
how
themean of
a quantitativ
e
variable cha
nges
according to
the levels of
two
categorical
variables.
Two-way
ANOVA
Use a two-
way
ANOVA
when you
want to
know how
two
independent
variables, in
combination,
affect a
dependent
variable.

can
Multi-variate
show whether
or n-way
ANOVA there are
significant main
 effects of the
independent
variables and
whether there are
significant
interaction
effects between
independent
variables in a set
of data.
TEST OF RELATIONSHIP

to understand
whether there is
Pearson
an association
Product
Moment between exam
Coefficient of performance
Correlation and time spent
revising
 when your two
variables are
not normally
distributed. It is
also not very
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation sensitive to
Coefficient outliers, which
(r) are observations
within your data
that do not
follow the usual
pattern.

NON - PARAMETRIC TESTS

Statistical
Formula When to Use? Sample Problem and Solution
Treatment
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
 when your
two
variables
are not
normally
distributed.
It is also not
Chi-Square
very
Test (test
of sensitive to
Goodness outliers,
Fit) which are
observations
within your
data that do
not follow
the usual
pattern.
 We use the
test of
homogeneit
y if the
response
variable
has two or
Chi-Square more
test of categories
Homogene and we
ity wish to
compare
two or
more
populations
(or
subgroups.)

The Chi-
Square test
of
independenc
Chi-Square e is used
test of to determin
Independe e if there is
nce a
significant
relationshi
p between
two
 nominal
(categorical
) variables.

used to test
whether
two
samples are
likely to
Wilcoxon derive from
Rank-Sum/
Wilcoxon
the same
Two – population(
Sample i.e., that the
Test two
populations
have the
same
shape).
 Typically, a
Kruskal-
Wallis H
test is
used when
you have
three or
more
categorical,
independen
Kruskal-
Wallis Test t groups,
(H-test) but it can be
used for just
two groups
(i.e., a
Mann-
Whitney U
test is more
commonly
used for two
groups).

Prepared by:

ARVIN A. ASNAN, MA-MathEd

Asst. Professor I