PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Learning Module 08:

Data Processing, Organizing and Analyzing

Quarter: 04 Week: 08
Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section:___________________________Score:______________
Teacher:____________________________________Date:_______________

Learning Competency
Use statistical techniques to analyze data - study of
differences and relationships limited for bivariate analysis
CS_RS12-lld-g-3

Objectives
 Explain the methods of bivariate data-analysis
 Familiarize themselves with bivariate statistical
methods
 Compare and contrast the kinds of tests to measure
correlation or covariation

Let’s Understand

Bivariate analysis means the analysis of the bivariate data. This is

a single statistical analysis used to determine the relationship that exists
between two variables (dependent and independent variables).

Statistical Methods of Bivariate Analysis

1. Correlation or Covariation (Correlated Variation) – describes the
relationship between two variables and also tests their linear
relation.

Covariance is the statistical term to measure the extent of the

change in the relationship between two random variables. Random
variables are data with varied values like those ones in the internal
level or scale (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly
agree) whose values depend on the subjectivity of the respondent.

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 2. Cross Tabulation – also called “crosstab” or “students-contingency
table” that follows the format of a matrix that is made up of lines of
numbers symbols, and other expressions. The data in this matrix
is arranged in rows and columns. This shows the reason behind
the relationship of two variables and the effect of one variable on
the other variable. If the table compares data on only two variables,
such table is called bivariate table.

Example:
Worker Efficiency and Workplace Authoritarianism
Low High Total
Authoritarianism Authoritarianism
Low 10 (37.04%) 12 (70.59 %) 22 (50%)
Efficiency
High 17 (62.96%) 5 (29.41%) 22 (50%)
Efficiency
Total 27 (100%) 17 (100%) 44 (100%)
[https://soc.utah.edu/sociology3112/bivariate-tables]
By convention, the independent variable is usually placed in the
columns and the dependent variable is placed in the rows. Rows and
columns intersect at cells. The row totals are found along the left side,
and the column totals are found along the bottom. These areas are called
marginals.
Bivariate analysis allows us to answer two questions:
a. Is there a relationship between the two variables?
b. If so, what is the pattern or direction of the relationship?

Measure of Correlation
1. Correlation Coefficient – This is a measure of the strength and
direction of the linear relationship between variables and
likewise gives the extent of dependence between two variables;
meaning the effect of one variable on the other variable.
(Argyrous 2011; Croswell 2014; Levin & Fox 2014)

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  Spearman’s rho (Spearman’s r, or r – the test to measure
the dependence of the dependent variable on the
independent variable
 Pearson product-moment correlation – (Pearson’s r, r or
R) – measures the strength and direction of the linear
relationship of two variables and of the association
between interval and ordinal variables
 Chi-square – the statistical test for bivariate analysis of
nominal variables, specifically, to test the null hypothesis.
It tests whether or not a relationship exists between or
among variables and tells the probability that the
relationship is caused by chance. This cannot in any way
show the extent of the association between two variables.
 T-test – evaluates the probability that the mean of the
sample reflects the mean of the population from where
the sample was taken. It also tests the difference between
two means: the sample mean and the population mean.
ANOVA or analysis of variance also uses t-test to
determine the variance or the difference between the
predicted number of the sample and the actual
measurement.
2. Regression- determines the existence of variable relationships
by determining the following:
- which between the independent and dependent variable
can signal the presence of another variable
- how strong the relationship between the two variables are
- when an independent variable is statistically significant
as a predictor
Source: Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 2 First Edition E-book. Manila:
Rex Book Store

Let’s Apply

Directions: Fill in the blanks to complete the following

statements.
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 1. ___________________ - the analysis of the bivariate data.
2. ___________________- the statistical test for bivariate analysis of
nominal variables, specifically, to test the null hypothesis
3. __________________- measures the strength and direction of the
linear relationship of two variables and of the association between
interval and ordinal variables
4. __________________- the statistical term to measure the extent of
the change in the relationship between two random variables
5. __________________- evaluates the probability that the mean of the
sample reflects the mean of the population from where the sample
was drawn

Let’s Analyze
Directions: Compare and contrast the following expressions.

1. T-test vs. Chi square

2. Spearman’s r vs. Pearson’s r
3. correlation coefficient vs. regression

Let’s Try

Directions: Create a bivariate table to represent the age and the average
height of a group of babies and kids. Use the data below.

3 months - 58.5 cm 2 years – 81.2 cm 6 months –

64 cm
9 months – 68.5 cm 4 years – 95 cm 3 years – 89.1 cm
1 year – 74 cm 5 years – 102.5 cm

Let’s Create

Directions: Read and understand the GRASPS Activity below.

Goal: Create an infographic about statistical techniques for bivariate
analysis.
Role: You are a resource speaker at a Research Webinar.
Audience: Family members as fellow researchers and guests
Situation: You will participate in a Research Webinar for Senior High
School students as a resource speaker. To make your talk more succinct
using an infographic.
Product: An infographic about statistical techniques for bivariate
analysis.