INTRODUCTION TO SAMPLING

27 November 2018
Intro…

The normal probability distribution is

regarded as the most significant
probability distribution in the entire theory
of statistics.

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Population

It refers to the entire group that is under

investigation or study.

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Sample

It is a subset taken which serves as a

representation of the entire population. A
specific sampling technique is used to
select a sample

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Random Sampling

A sampling technique wherein each

member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected

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 TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES

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1. Lottery Sampling
Each member of the population is
assigned with a number which is written
on a piece of paper and placed in a box (or
fishbowl). The researcher selects
numbered pieces of paper from the box,
one at a time. All members that correspond
to the selected numbers will make up the
sample
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2. Systematic Sampling

Systematic sampling is a random

sampling technique which considers every
nth element of the population in the
sample with the selected random starting
point from the first q members

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Systematic Sampling… Procedure

1. Assign a number to each member of the

population.
2. Choose a random starting point (n). Do
this by dividing the number of members
of population by the desired number of
samples.

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Systematic Sampling… Procedure

3. From student number n, skip count by n

repeatedly until the desired number of
samples is completed. Eliminate the
numbers which have been previously
selected.

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Systematic Sampling… Example
A sample of 10 will be selected from a
population of 30 sections. Since then
choose from the first 3 students the
random starting point using lottery.
 
Suppose 2 was selected, then every 2nd
element of the population will be included
in the sample, that is, sections numbered
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29.
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3. Stratified Random Sampling

Members of the population are grouped

based on their homogeneity.
The population is classified into
subgroups called strata (based on some
characteristics such as age, gender, etc..)

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Stratified Random… Example
A sample of 50 students is to be selected
from the junior high school of CCNHS with
a population of 1500 of which 500 are in
grade 7, 400 are in grade 8, 350 are in
grade 9 and 250 are in grade 10. If the
sample size is to be proportionally
distributed, how many samples are to be
taken from each stratum?
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Stratified Random… Example
Stratum Size of the Stratum Number of Samples

Grade 7 500

Grade 8 400

Grade
Grade 9
9 350
350

Grade
Grade 10
10 250
250
Total
Total 1500
1500 50
50
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4. Cluster Sampling
Like stratified sampling, the population is
divided into groups, called clusters, is
another probability sampling technique called
cluster sampling. However, the clusters are
heterogeneous groups of the population. The
sample is taken through a random selection
of cluster(s) and then, all the members of the
chosen cluster(s) will be part of the sample.
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Cluster Sampling… Example
Suppose a researcher wants to study the
effect of a certain teaching methodology
among the students coming from a
particular town.
Instead, the researcher will randomly
choose a few schools and then, the
students in these schools will be surveyed.
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5. Multi-stage Sampling

It is done using a combination of

different sampling techniques.

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Multi-stage sampling…Example

National survey

• Lottery in selecting regions/cities

• Stratified to determine the number of
respondents from the chosen areas and
clusters

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Nonrandom Sampling

It is used when the sample is not a

proportion of the population and when
there is no system in selecting a sample

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 TYPES OF NONRANDOM SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES

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1. Accidental Sampling

Only those whom the researcher meets

by chance are included in the sample
when using this technique.

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2. Quota Sampling

Includes a specified number of persons

of certain types to be taken as sample

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3. Convenience Sampling

Most convenient and fastest sampling

technique that make use of the telephone,
mobile phones or the internet

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4. Purposive Sampling

Used in very small sample sizes.

Example, this can be used if the subjects
of the study are deans of certain
universities etc..

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Sample Size

Sloven’s Formula
The sample size is determined by the
 formula   𝑵
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏+ 𝑵 𝒆
– population size – margin of error

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Sample Size… Example
A researcher wants to study the
academic performance in Mathematics of
students in CCNHS. The school has a
population of 6,000 students. If the
researcher allows a margin of error of 5%,
how many students must he include in his
sample?
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Solution
Given

the researcher must take 375 students as

his sample.
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Example 2
Find the sample size required from a
population of 10,000 given a margin of
error of 5%. Use Sloven’s formula. Then
distribute the sample based on the ff.
strata: Class A 500
Class B 2,500
Class C 3,000
Class D 4,000
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Solution

Given

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Solution
Distribution of the sample
Class A 500
Class B 2,500
Class B 2,500
Class C 3,000
Class C
D 3,000
4,000
TOTAL 385
Class D 4,000

TOTAL 385

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Statistic vs Parameter

STATISTIC
A number which describes a sample. It
 can be directly computed and observed.
Example
which is used as estimator for the

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Statistic vs Parameter

PARAMETER
A descriptive measure of a population.
Unlike statistic, the parameter can only be
estimated/approximated.

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Statistic Examples

• Sample mean
• Sample standard deviation
• Sample median

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Parameter Examples

• Population mean
• Population standard deviation
• Population median

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Sampling Distribution

Sampling distribution is the probability

distribution when all possible samples of
size n are repeatedly drawn from a
population

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Sampling Distribution Example

Construct a sampling distribution of the

mean of sample size 3 and a histogram for
 the set of data below.

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Solution

Solve for the population mean

 

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Solution

Construct all random samples consisting

of three observations from the given data
set.
 
By “combination” formula, the number of
samples is

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Solution Random Sample Sample mean
86,
86, 89,
89, 92
92 89
89
86,
86, 89,
89, 95 90
Observe that 95
86, 89, 98
90
91
89, 90, 94 and
86, 89, 98 91
86, 92, 95 91
86,
86, 92,
92, 95 91
95 appeared 86,
86, 92,
98
95, 98
98
92
92
93
only once, so 86,
89, 95,
92, 98
95 93
92
their probability 98
89, 92, 95 93
92
is 1/10=0.1
89,
89, 95,
92, 98
98 94
93
92, 95, 98 95
89, 95, 98 94
92, 95, 98 95

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Solution
Sample mean Probability
89
89 0.1
0.1
Observe that 90 0.1
the total 90
91
0.1
0.2
probability of all 91
92
0.2
0.2
the sample 92
93 0.2
0.2
means is equal 93
94 0.2
0.1
to 1. 94
95 0.1
95 0.1
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Solution Histogram of Sample Means

0.2

0.15

Construct the

P(x)
histogram for 0.1

the sample 0.05

means
0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Sample Means (x)

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Your turn

Using the set of data below, perform the

following tasks:
123 126 129 132 135
1. Construct a sampling distribution of the
mean with a sample size of 3
2. Draw a histogram for the sample means

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