STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

LESSON 1
NULL HYPOTHESIS

 Null is defined as having no value or amounting to nothing

 In statistics, a hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture about a population parameter which may or may
not be true.
 In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done.
 Null hypothesis is a statement denoted by H 0 , that states that there is no difference, no changes, nothing
happened, no relationship between a parameter and a specific value, or the independent variable has no effect
on the dependent variable.
 It makes a statement about the population not the sample. The true value of the population parameter is
specified in writing the null hypothesis.

In symbol, it is written using the format below

H 0 : μ=100 .

Null hypothesis Value of the population

Population Parameter Equality Symbol parameter

ACTIVITY 1

A. Read and understand the given statements below and find out whether it is a null hypothesis. In your
notebook, write H 0 if the given is a null hypothesis. Otherwise, just leave it blank.

In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not married. A researcher surveyed a
random sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5%
significance level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

1. The current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

2. The current percentage of unmarried couples is 34%.
An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of
Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and found that they had an
average of Php 50.00 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval for
the difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing
workers.

3. There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the average hourly
rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the average hourly
rate for manufacturing workers.

A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on
average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months.

5. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery is 48 months.

6. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery is not 48 months

B. Comprehension Check Questions: Write the letter of the best answer among the choices below in your
notebook.

1. They worked in producing goods. A. Construction B. Manufacturing C. Chemist D. Investors

2.They worked with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they
undergo. A. Construction B. Manufacturing C. Chemist D. Investors
3. It is the square root of variance. A. Confidence Interval B. Standard Deviation C. Range D. Mean
4. It is the sum of values divided by the number of values being summed.
A. Confidence Interval B. Standard Deviation C. Range D. Mean
5. It is a range of numbers containing possible values for the population parameter.
A. Confidence Interval B. Standard Deviation C. Range D. Mean

C. Read and understand the statements below. In your notebook, write the mathematical symbol of the null
hypothesis of the following statements.
1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14 years.
2. At least 40% of private school students transferred to public school during the COVID 19 pandemic.
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3. The mean weekly expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by 15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/strand because of peer pressure.
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were confirmed death cases.
6. The mean number of new normal learning facilities a school has is not more than five.
7. During the COVID 19 pandemic, more than half of the residents in cities decided to stay in their remote
provinces.
8. Forty-five percent of the students chose the online learning delivery mode.
9. At most, 55% of the public-school teachers were advised to stay at home during the opening of classes.
10. At least 70% of the public schools used blended learning delivery mode

LESSON 1.2
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

 Alternative hypothesis, a statement denoted by H 1, is a statement that states that there is a difference, an
effect, change, or a relationship between a parameter and a specific value; the independent variable has an
effect on the dependent variable, or something happened.
 An alternative hypothesis is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis by stating that that the actual
value of a population parameter is less than, greater than, or not equal to the value stated in the null
hypothesis.

In symbol, it is written as:

H 1 : μ ≠ 100

H 1 : μ< 100 or

H 1 : μ> 100

The alternative hypothesis will also determine the type of hypothesis test that will be conducted.
One-tailed test will be used when using ¿ or ¿.
Two-tailed test will be used when ≠ is used.
Below are the common phrases used in hypothesis testing that will guide you in choosing the correct symbol to be
used in formulating alternative hypothesis.

greater than less than equal to

not equal
above below
higher than lower than different from the same as

longer than smaller than

not changed from
shorter than changed from
bigger than
decreased or is
increased
reduced from not the same ase as

Activity 2.
A. Read and understand the given statements below. In your notebook, write H1 if the given
statement in every number is an alternative hypothesis. Otherwise, just leave it blank.

          In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not married. A researcher
surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found that 18% of them were living together but unmarried.
Test at 5% significance level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

1. The current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%. 

2. The current percentage of unmarried couples is 34%.
 An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a standard
deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and
found that they had an average of Php 50 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct
a 90% confidence interval for the difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and
the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.  Page 2

3. There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the
average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the
average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.

A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said additive
will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. 

5. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery is not 48 months.

6. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable battery is 48 months.

B. Read and understand the statements below. In your notebook, write the mathematical symbol of
the alternative hypothesis of the given statement.

1. The average number of years to finish basic education is not 14 years.

2. At least 40% of private students transferred to public schools during the COVID 19 pandemic.
3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by 15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/ strand because of peer pressure.
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were confirmed death cases.
6. The mean number of new normal learning facilities a school has is not more than five.
7. During the COVID 19 pandemic, more than half of the residents in cities decided to stay in their remote
provinces.
8. Forty-five percent of the students attended online learning delivery mode.
9. At most, 55% of the public-school teachers were advised to stay at home during the opening of classes.
10. At least 70% of the public schools used blended learning delivery mode.

LESSON 1.3
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

 Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant

 Level of significance, or significance level, refers to a criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made
regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis. Its value is between 0 to 1 or between 0% to 100%.

 The level of significance, denoted by the Greek letter alpha α , is a probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis. In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social science, alpha α is usually 0.05 or
5% and 0.10 or 10% in other studies. This implies that there is a 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a true
null hypothesis. Further, it implies that the result has 99%, 95%, or 90% chance of being true, respectively.

In symbol, it is written as:

α =0.01
α =0.05 or
α =0.10
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Furthermore, if the alternative hypothesis used ≠ ,
then alpha will be divided by 2, i.e.,
α
=0.005
2
α
=0.025 or
2
α
=0.05
2
 ACTIVITY 3
α
A. Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the value of α or based on the alternative
2
hypothesis in decimal form. Write your answer in mathematical symbol in your notebook.
1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population were not married. A researcher surveyed a random
sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance
level that the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

2. An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of Php
6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and found out that they had an
average
of Php 50.00 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval that the
average hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.

3. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on
average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the hypothesis at 0.01 level of significance that the average lifespan
is higher than 48 months.

4. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior high school students were
asked and found out that the mean number of years to finish their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2
years. Test the hypothesis at 93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is
less than 14 years.

5. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they plan to transfer to public school in the
incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of these students will transfer to public school. Test the average
number of private school students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at 5% level of significance.

LESSON 1.4
CRITICAL REGION
 Critical region, also known as rejection region, is a range of values that corresponds to the rejection of the
null hypothesis. If the value of the test statistic is within the critical region, then the null hypothesis is rejected.
Otherwise, the null hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the alternative hypothesis.

 Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the number or numbers that determine the rejection region.
Thus, critical region might be a single number or an interval.

For one-tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test ≠ , the critical region is at the left and right sides of the acceptance region.
Below
is the

illustration of the different critical region.

 Source: https://towardsdatascience.com/a-complete-guide-to-hypothesis-testing-2e0279fa9149

Page 4
For example, suppose that a normally distributed population has a standard deviation σ =0.12. Given a sample size
n=10, H 0 : μ=10 and H 1 : μ> 10. Construct the rejection region if α =0.05 .

Solution:
σ 0.12
μ X =μ=10 and σ X= = =0.03794733192202…
√ n √ 10
Notice that H 1 : μ> 10, this is one directional test. Using the standard normal table, z α =z 0.05=1.645 .
Hence, the
critical value=μ+ ( z α ) ( σ X )
¿ 10+ ( 1.645 ) ( 0.038 … )
¿ 10+0.0624
¿ 10.0624
The critical region is illustrated below. It is the darkened area right side of 10.0624.

Another example, suppose that a normally distributed population has a standard deviation σ =0.12. Given a
sample size n=10, H 0 : μ=7 and H 1 : μ ≠ 7 . Construct the rejection region if α =0.10 .
Solution:
σ 0.12
μ X =μ=7 and σ X= = =0.03794733192202…
√ n √ 10
Notice that H 1 : μ ≠ 7 ,this is a two-tailed test. Using the standard normal table,
z α =z 0.10 =z 0.05=1.645 .
2 2
Hence, the critical value is computed in this way

( )
critical value=μ− z α ( σ X ) and critical value=μ+ z α ( σ X )
2
( )
2
¿ 7−( 1.645 )( 0.038 … ) ¿ 7+ ( 1.645 ) ( 0.038 … )
¿ 7−0.0624 ¿ 7+0.0624
¿ 6.9376 ¿ 7.0624

The critical value is illustrated below

 Page
5
ACTIVITY 4

A. Complete the sentence below by providing the correct word/s on the blank. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. In a non-directional test, the acceptance region lies ___________ the two critical regions.
2. The acceptance region for the right-tailed test (one-tailed test) is in the __________ side of the critical region.
3. There are at most ___________ possible critical regions in a hypothesis testing.
4. When the test statistic is located within the critical region, then H 0 is __________.
5. There are at most ___________ possible critical value/s in a hypothesis testing.

B. Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the position of the rejection region either left
side, right side, or between the acceptance region. Write your answer on the blank after the given.
1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population were not married. A researcher surveyed a random
sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance
level that the current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

2. An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of Php
6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and found out that they had an
average of Php 50.00 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval that
the average hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.

3. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said additive will extend on
average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the hypothesis at 0.01% level of significance that the average
lifespan is higher than 48 months.

4. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior high school students were
asked and found out that the mean number of years to finish their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2
years. Test the hypothesis at 93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is
less than 14 years.

5. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they plan to transfer to public schools in the
incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of these students will transfer to public schools. Test the average
number of private school students that will transfer to public schools is not 40% at 5% level of significance.

LESSON 1.5

TYPES OF ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Type I error is committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis. The probability of committing it is denoted by α
or the level of significance.
Type II error is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis. The probability of committing it is denoted by β .

Commonly Used Levels of Significance and Its Corresponding Critical Values

Level of Significance Test Types

α One-tailed Two-tailed

0.05 +1.645 or −1.645 ± 1.96

0.01 +2.33 or −2.33 ± 2.58
0.001 +3.09 or −3.09 ± 3.30
An example on how to state these types of errors in a sentence is given below.
Given: The mean number of years a teacher works before retiring is 30.

Type I error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher works before retiring is not 30 years, when it
really is 30 years.
Type II error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher works before retiring is 30 years, when in fact it
really is not 30 years.

Page 6

ACTIVITY 5

A. Read and understand the statements below carefully. Write the letter of the best answer among the given
choices below in your notebook.

1. How many types of errors can be made when testing a hypothesis?

A. one B. two C. three D. four
2. A criminal was sentenced guilty of a crime he was framed up. What sort of an error did the judge make, and why?
A. Type II, because their sets of evidence are true when it's actually false.
B. Type II, because their sets of evidence are false when it's actually true.
C. Type I, because their sets of evidence are false when it's actually true.
D. Type I, because their sets of evidence are true when it's actually false.
3. When is a type II error made?
A. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is false when it is false.
B. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is true when it is true.
C. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is true when it actually is false.
D. When your findings show that the null hypothesis is false when it actually is true.
4. What is the probability of making a type I error? A. 0.05 B. 0.01 C. α D. β
5. It is the probability of making a type II error.
A. 0.05 B. 0.01 C. α D. β
B. Given a hypothesis. Formulate type I and II errors in a complete sentence of the given statements below.
Write your answers in your notebook.
1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14.
2. At least 40% of private school students transferred to public schools during the COVID 19 pandemic.
3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic increased at most by 15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/strand because of peer pressure.
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were confirmed death cases.

ASSESSMENT
You are now done with the first lesson of this module. To find out if you have learned from this lesson,
answer the questions below. Identify what is described in every number. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. It is the inequality in the alternative hypothesis when the keyword at most is used.
2. It is the inequality in the alternative hypothesis when the keyword at least is used.
3. It is done to the level of significance when not equal is used in the alternative hypothesis.
4. It is an intelligent guess about the characteristics of a population.
5. It is a numerical value computed from the all the data of the population.
6. It is the center of the normal curve.
7. It is the value of α when the confidence level is 92%.
8. The decision made to the null hypothesis when the critical value lies in the critical region.
9. The decision made to the null hypothesis when the critical value lies in the confidence region.
10. The probability of committing type II error is β and α is the probability of committing type I error. Write β in terms
of α .
LESSON 2
EXPLORING TESTING HYPOTHESIS

Parameter is a number that summarizes some aspect of the population as a whole. Examples are population
mean and the population variance. On the other hand, statistics is a value computed from the samples. Examples
are sample mean and sample variance. Hypothesis is a claim about the parameter like the population mean μ or
the population proportion p. The examples in this lesson will use claims about the population mean μ.

Page 7

LESSON 2.1
Z-Test on the Comparison Between the Population Mean and Sample Mean
Decision making is part of our daily lives. We are given different options. This situation is the same as in
testing hypothesis. Options can be treated as hypotheses. It is like the process of selecting which of these options is
the best solution to our problem. There are steps to follow to come up with the solution. Now, we will learn these
steps. The first step in hypothesis testing is the formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses.
z-test on the comparison between the population mean μ and sample mean x is used when the population
mean μ and the population standard deviation σ are known, and μ is compared to a sample mean x .
It is also important to identify the parameters or statistics involve in the problem to determine the appropriate
formula.
Example 2.1. Read and understand the problems below. Determine the values of the parameters, statistics
and sample size involved and formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

Example 2.1.1
A manufacturer of ethyl alcohol has developed a new packaging design. He claims that the new packaging
design has an average reduction of production expenses of Php 5.00 per bottle with a standard deviation of Php 2.00.
A manager of one of their satellite production branch claims that the 200 samples of this new packaging design has an
average reduction of production expenses of Php 3.00. Test the difference of the population and sample means at
0.05 level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size n=200
Parameter: population mean μ0 =5 population standard deviation σ =2
Statistic: sample mean x=5
Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
H 0 : The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl alcohol is Php 5.00.
In symbol, H 0 : μ=5
H 1 : The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl alcohol is less than
Php 5.00.
In symbol, H 1 : μ< 5
(We used less than in H 1 because the sample average is Php3.00 which is less than the population average Php5.00)
Example 2.1.2
A manufacturer of face mask has developed a new face mask design. He claims that the new design has an
average profit increase of 10% with a standard deviation of 3%. Test the hypothesis that the new face mask design
average profit increase is not 10% if a random sample of 50 face masks is tested with an average profit increase of
4%. Use 10% level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size n=50
Parameter: population mean μ0 =10 population standard deviation σ =3
Statistic: sample mean x=4
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
H 0 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is 10%.
In symbol, H 0 : μ=10 %
H 1 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
In symbol, H 1 : μ ≠ 10 %
(We used not equal because it was indicated in the problem.)
Example 2.1.3
A teacher conducted a study to know if blended learning affects the students’ performances. A class of 30
Grade 11 students was surveyed and found out that their mean score was 83 with a standard deviation of 4. A study
from other country revealed that μ=80 with a standard deviation of 3. Test the hypothesis at 0.10 level of
significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size n=30
Parameter: population mean μ0 =80 population standard deviation σ =3
Statistic: sample mean x=83
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
H 0 : The mean score of students’ performances in blended learning is 80.
In symbol, H 0 : μ=80
Page 8
H 1 : The mean score of students’ performances in blended learning is greater
than 80
In symbol, H 1 : μ> 80
(We used greater than because sample mean 83 is greater than population mean 80.)

ACTIVITY 6
Determine the given of the problems below and formulate the null and alternative hypothesis both in words and
symbols. Write your answer in your notebook. Please follow the format in the examples.

1. A jeepney driver claims that his average monthly income is Php 3000.00 with a standard deviation of Php 300.00. A
sample of 30 jeepney drivers were surveyed and found that their average monthly income is Php 3500.00 with a
standard deviation of Php 350.00. Test the hypothesis at 1% level of significance.
2. A Mathematics teacher in senior high school developed a problem-solving test for randomly selected 40 grade 11
students. These students had an average score of 85 and a standard deviation of 5. If the population had a mean
score of 90 and a standard deviation of 3, use 5% level of significance to test the hypothesis.
3. A kinder teacher developed a coloring worksheet for her pupils. Using this worksheet, the pupils’ performance has a
mean score of 90 and a standard deviation of 10. Fifty kinder pupils from a certain barangay were asked to answer the
said worksheet and found that their mean score was 95 with a standard deviation of 5. Test the hypothesis at 1%
significance level.
LESSON 2.2

t-Test on the Comparison Between the Population Mean and Sample Mean

This test will be used when the population standard deviation σ is unknown but the sample standard deviation
s is known or can be computed. The t-test will replace z-test. The degrees of freedom df is the number of pieces of
independent information available for computing variability. The required number of degrees of freedom varies
depending on the size of the distribution. Hence, for a single group of population df =N−1 and for two groups
df =N 1+ N 2−1 for t-test where N , N 1 , and N 2 are the population sizes.

Example 2.2. Read and understand the problems below. Determine the values of the parameters, statistics
and sample size involved and formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
Example 2.2.1
The mean number of hours a student consumes to finish answering the Statistics Module is 5 hours. A
random sample of 15 students was asked and found that their mean number of hours to finish answering the Statistics
module is 6 hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance.

Solution:
Given: sample size n=15
Parameter: population mean μ0 =5
Statistic: sample mean x=6 sample standard deviation s=2

Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.

H 0 : The mean number of hours a student consumes to finish answering the Statistics Module is 5 hours.
In symbol, H 0 : μ=5

H 1 : The mean number of hours a student consumes to finish answering the Statistics Module is greater than
5 hours
In symbol, H 1 : μ> 5

(We used greater than in H 1 because the sample mean 6 is greater than the population mean 5.)

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Example 2.2.2
In a study of television viewing, the mean number of television programs they watched during daytime was 7.
A survey was conducted on the random sample of 25 households and found that the mean number of television
program they watched during daytime was 5 with a standard deviation of 1.5. Test the hypothesis at 10% level of
significance.
Given: sample size n=25
Parameter: population mean μ0 =7
Statistic: sample mean x=5 sample standard deviation s=1.5
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
H 0 : The mean number of television program they watched during daytime was 7.
In symbol, H 0 : μ=7
H 1 : The mean number of television program they watched during daytime was less than 7.
In symbol, H 1 : μ< 7
(We used less than because the sample mean 5 is less than the population mean 7.)
Example 2.2.3

A rural health unit conducted a survey on the heights of the male aged 18 to 24 years old. It was found out
that the mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70 inches. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the
male aged 18 to 24 years old is not 70 inches if a random sample of 20 male aged 18 to 24 years old had a mean
height of 65 inches with a standard deviation of 3. Use 1% level of significance.

Given: sample size n=20

Parameter: population mean μ0 =70
Statistic: sample mean x=65 sample standard deviation s=3

Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.

H 0 : The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70 inches.
 In symbol, H 0 : μ=70

H 1 : The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was not 70 inches
In symbol, H 1 : μ ≠ 70
(We used not equal because it was indicated that the population mean was not 70 inches.)

ACTIVITY 7
Determine the given of the problems below and formulate the null and alternative hypotheses both in words
and symbols. Write your answer in your notebook. Please follow the format in the examples.

1. A health specialist wants to determine the average number of hours a person exercises in a day during the
quarantine period. She found out that the mean number of hours a person exercises in a day during the quarantine
period is 80 minutes. A random sample of 29 persons were surveyed and found that their mean is 65 minutes and a
standard deviation of 10 minutes. Test the hypothesis at 2% level of significance and assume that the population is
normally distributed.

2. A study was conducted to determine the marrying age of teachers. It was found out that the mean marrying age of
teachers is 30 years old. Fifteen teachers were surveyed randomly and found that their mean marrying age was 33
years old with a standard deviation of 5 years. Use 10% level of significance to test the hypothesis and assume that
the population is normally distributed.
3. An association of City Mayors conducted a study to determine the average number of times a family went to buy
necessities in a week. They found that the mean is 4 times in a week. A random sample of 20 families were asked and
found a mean of 5 times in a week and a standard deviation of 2. Use 5% significance level to test that the population
mean is not equal to 5. Assume that the population is normally distributed.

Page 10
ASSESSMENT

A. You are now done with the first lesson of this module. To find out if you have learned from this lesson,
answer the questions below. Identify what is described in every number. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. It is the square root of the sample variance.

2. It is the square of the population standard deviation.
3. It is the sum of all population data divided by the number of population data.
4. It depicts the number of pieces of independent information available for computing variability.
5. It is the degrees of freedom of a single population.

B. Create two problems in testing hypothesis. Determine the given and formulate the null and alternative
hypotheses. Write your answer in your notebook.
LESSON 3
THE TEST STATISTICS AND REJECTION REGION IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
This lesson is a continuation on the steps in hypothesis testing. You will learn when to use the different test
statistics and the possible position of the rejection region. It will be easy because you have learned some illustration
and description of these terms.

LESSON 3.1

TEST STATISTIC WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED TO BE KNOWN

 Test statistic is a value computed from the data. The test statistic is used to assess the evidence in rejecting
or accepting the null hypothesis. Each statistic test is used for a different test. You can use the z-score, t-score, the F-
statistic, or Chi-Square statistic. These will be used for the following tests, z-test, t-test, ANOVA test, and Chi-square
test, respectively. All data must be assumed to be normally distributed. Here, we will consider three conditions in
choosing the appropriate test statistic. These three are when the population variance is assumed to be known, when
the population variance is assumed to be unknown, and when using the Central Limit Theorem.

In this condition, the z-score is used. The formula for z-score is given by the formula below.

Test Statistic: z=
( x −μσ ) (√ n)
0

where
z is the z-score, x is the sample mean, μ0 is the population mean,
σ is the population standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
Examples 2.1.1, 2.1.2, and 2.1.3 will use the z-score.

From Example 2.1.1

Given: x=3 , μ0 =5, σ =2, n=200 and

Test Statistic: z=
( x −μσ ) (√ n)=( 3−52 ) (√ 200 )=−14.14
0

From Example 2.1.2

Given: x=4 , μ0 =10, σ =3, n=50 and

Test Statistic: z=
( x −μ 0
σ ) ( )
( √ n )= 4−10 ( √ 50 )=−14.14
3
From Example 2.1.3
Given: x=83 , μ0 =80, σ =3, n=30 and

Test Statistic: z=
( x −μ 0
σ ) ( )
( √ n )= 83−80 ( √ 30 ) =5.48
3

ACTIVITY 8

Determine the given and compute the z-score of the problems in Activity 6. Write your answer in your
notebook.

Page 11

LESSON 3.2

TEST STATISTIC WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED TO BE UNKNOWN

In this condition, the z-score is inappropriate to use. A different test statistic will be used then. The t-score will
be used in this case. Another condition to observe when using t-score is when the sample size n is less than 30, i.e., (
n<30 ) and the population is normally or approximately normally distributed. The formula for t-score is given below.

Test Statistic: t=
( x−μs )( √n )
0
and the degrees of freedom df =n−1

where
t is the t-score, x is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, s is the sample standard deviation, and n is the
sample size.

Examples 2.2.1, 2.2.2, and 2.2.3 will use the t-score.

From Example 2.2.1

 Given: x=6 , μ0 =5, s=2, n=15, df =15−1=14 and

Test Statistic: t=
( x−μs )( √n )=( 6−52 )(√ 15)=1.94
0

From Example 2.2.2

Given: x=5 , μ0 =7, s=1.5, n=25, df =25−1=24 and

Test Statistic: t=
( x−μs )( √n )=( 5−7
0
1.5 )
( √ 25 ) =−6.67
From Example 2.2.3
Given: x=65 , μ0 =70, s=32, n=20, df =20−1=19 and

Test Statistic: t=
( x−μs )( √n )=( 65−70
0
32 )
( √ 20 )=−0.70

ACTIVITY 9
Determine the given and compute the test statistic of the problems in Activity 7. Write your answer in your notebook.
LESSON 3.3
TEST STATISTIC USING CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

The Central Limit Theorem states that if a random samples of size n are drawn from a large or infinite population with
finite mean μ and variance σ^2, then the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally distributed with
mean μ_x ̅ =μ and a standard deviation of σ_x ̅ =σ/√n. Hence, Z=(√n (x ̅-μ))/σ or equivalently, x ̅~N(μ,σ^2/n).
In other words, the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger —
no matter what the shape of the population distribution. This fact holds especially true for sample sizes over 30. All this is saying
is that as you take more samples, especially large ones, your graph of the sample means will look more like a normal
distribution.
The average of your sample means will be the population mean. Compute the sum of all means from all samples
divided by the number of means added. The result is the actual population mean. Similarly, the average of all of the standard
deviations of all samples is the actual standard deviation for your population.
Example 3.3.1.
San Corporation gives a monthly benefit to their employees during the COVID19 pandemic. They claimed that the average
monthly benefit of their employees is at least Php 5, 000.00. A random sample of 35 employees were taken as samples to verify
the said claim and found that their average monthly benefit is Php 6, 000.00 with a standard deviation of Php 600.00. Is the
company’s claim correct at 0.05 level of significance? Assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.
Given: n=35 , μ_0=5,000, x ̅=6,000 , s=600 α=0.05
Solution:
According to Central Limit Theorem, σ_x ̅ =σ/√n≈s/√n=600/√35=101.42
Hence, Test Statistic: z=((x ̅-μ_0)/σ_x ̅ )(√n)=((6000-5000)/(101.42))(√35)=58.33.

Page 12
Example 3.3.2.

GMA-ABS claimed that their employees had a mean monthly salary of Php12,500.00. A reporter wants to verify this claim by
asking 30 employees. The result showed that these employees had an average monthly salary of Php10,000.00 with a standard
deviation of Php 2,000.00. Test the claim at 10% level of significance assume that the population is approximately normally
distributed.
.

Given: n=30 , μ_0=12,500, x ̅=10,000 , s=2000 α=10%=0.10

Solution:
According to Central Limit Theorem, σ_x ̅ =σ/√n≈s/√n=2000/√30=365.15
Hence,
 Test Statistic: z=((x ̅-μ_0)/σ_x ̅ )(√n)=((10000-12500)/(365.15))(√30)=-37.50.
ACTIVITY 10
Determine the given and compute the test statistic of the problems below using Central Limit Theorem. Write the problems and
answers in your activity notebook.

1. A company claimed that their N95 face mask has a mean filtration efficiency rate of 95%. A group of student researcher
wanted to verify this claim. They bought and tested 40 of their N95 face masks. They found out that the average filtration
efficiency rate of these face mask was 90% with a standard deviation of 4%. Test the claim at 5% level of significance and
assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.

2. A certain group of welfare recipients receives relief goods with a mean amount of Php 500.00 per week. A random sample of
75 recipients is surveyed and found that the mean amount of relief goods they received in a week is Php 600 and a standard
deviation of Php 50.00. Test the claim at 1% level of significance is not Php 500.00 per week and assume that the population is
approximately normally distributed.

LESSON 4.1

REJECTION REGION WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED TO BE KNOWN

After the test statistic is computed, the critical region is set. The set of all possible values of the test statistic
could range from negative infinity to positive infinity. This will be divided into two regions. One region will be set as the
acceptance region and the other one is the rejection or critical region. The division of these two regions will be based
on the alternative hypothesis. Review lesson 1.4.

In constructing the rejection region, it is important to correctly formulate the alternative hypothesis. Recall that
there are three possible symbols to be used in the formulation of the alternative hypothesis, namely, ¿ ,<, ≠ . Each of
these will have a corresponding critical region.

Below is the summary of the possible alternative hypotheses and their corresponding critical region for testing
population mean when the population variance is assumed to be known.

Alternative Hypothesis Critical Region/s

μ< μ0 z <−z α
μ> μ0 z > zα
μ ≠ μ0 z ← z α or z > z α
2 2

Where μ is the population mean, μ0 is the possible value of the population mean,

z is the value of test statistic and −z α , z α ,−Z α and Z α are the critical values.
2 2

Let us determine the given, formulate the null and alternative hypotheses, compute the test statistic and construct the
acceptance and critical regions of examples 2.1.1, 2.1.2, and 2.1.3.

From Example 2.1.1

Given: x=3 , μ0 =5, σ =2, n=200 α =0.05

Page 13
Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl alcohol is Php 5.00.
H 0: μ=5
H 1: The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl alcohol is less than Php 5.00.
H 1: μ<5
Note: we used less than because the sample mean 3 is less than 5 which is the possible value of the population
mean.
test statistic: z= ( )
3−5
2
( √ 200 )=−14.14
Critical region

Since < is used in H 1, z <−z α will be used. Now using the z-table, the value of −z α is

−z α =−z 0.05=−1.645
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.

From Example 2.1.2

Given: x=4, μ0 =10, σ =3, n=50 α =10 %=0.10

Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The average profit increase of the new face mask design is 10%
H 0: μ=10
H 1: The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
H 1: μ ≠10
Note: we used not equal because it was indicated to test the hypothesis that the new face mask design average profit
increase is not 10%.

Test Statistic: z= ( 4−10

3 )
( √ 50 )=−14.14 and
α 0.10
2
=
2
=0.05

Critical region

Since ≠ is used in H 1,
z ← z α or z > z α will be used. Now using the z-table, the values of −z α and z α are the
2 2 2 2
following
−z α =−z 0.05=−1.645 or
z α =z 0.05=1.645
2 2

Page 14

Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.

From Example 2.1.3

Given: x=83 , μ0 =80, σ =3, n=30 and α =0.10

Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The mean score of Grade 11 students is 80.
H 0: μ=80
H 1: The mean score of Grade 11 students is greater than 80.
H 1: μ>80
Note: we used greater than because the sample mean 83 is greater than 80 which is the possible population mean.

Test Statistic: z= ( 83−80

3 )
( √30 ) =5.48

Critical region
Since ¿ is used in H 1, z > z α will be used. Now using the z-table, the value of z α is.
z α =z 0.10=1.96
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
Page 15

ACTIVITY 11

Determine the given and construct the acceptance and critical regions of the problems in Activity 6. Write
your answer in your notebook.
LESSON 4.2
THE REJECTION REGION WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED TO BE UNKNOWN

In this case, the student t-distribution table will be used in determining the critical value/s. This will be used
when the sample size is less than 30. When the sample size is greater than 30 and the variance is unknown, the
Central Limit Theorem will be used. This case will be discussed in the next lesson
Alternative Hypothesis Critical Region/s
μ< μ0 t <−t α , v
μ> μ0 t >t α , v
μ ≠ μ0 t ←t α or t >t α
,v ,v
2 2
Where μ is the
t ,−t α and
population mean, μ0 is the possible value of the population mean, t is the value of test statistic, −t α ,v , α ,v ,v
2
tα are the critical values and v is the degrees of freedom
,v
2
Determine the given, formulate the null and alternative hypothesis, compute the test statistic and construct the
acceptance and critical regions for examples 2.2.1, 2.2.2, and 2.2.3

From Example 2.2.1

Solution:
Given: x=6 , μ0 =5, s=2, n=15, v=df =15−1=14 and α =0.05
Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The mean number of hours of students to finish answering the Statistics module is 5 hours.
H 0: μ=5

H 1: The mean number of hours of students to finish answering the Statistics module is greater than 5 hours.
H 1: μ>5

Test Statistic: t=
x−μ
s ( )
( √ n )=
6−5
2 ( )
( √ 15 ) =1.94
Critical region
Since ¿ is used in H 1, t >t α, v will be used. Now using the student t-distribution table, the value of t α ,v is
t α ,v =t 0.05,14 =1.761
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.

42
From Example 2.2.2
Solution:
Given: x=5 , μ0 =7, s=1.5, n=25, v=df =25−1=24 and α =0.10
Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The mean number of hours of television programs they watched during daytime was 7 hours. Page 16
H 0: μ=7

H 1: The mean number of hours of television programs they watched during daytime was less than 7 hours.
H 1: μ<75

Test Statistic: t= (
x−μ
s )
( √ n )= ( )
5−7
1.5
( √ 25 )=−6.67
Critical region
Since ¿ is used in H 1, t ←t α , v will be used. Now using the student t-distribution table, the value of −t α ,v is
−t α ,v =−t 0.10 , 24=−1.318
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
From Example 2.2.3

Solution:
Given:
x=65 ,
μ0 =70, s=32
, n=20,

v=df =20−1=19 and α =1 %=0.01

Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old is 70 inches.
H 0: μ=70

H 1: The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old is not 70 inches.

H 1: μ ≠70

Test Statistic: t= ( x−μs )( √n )=( 65−70

32 )
( √ 20 )=−0.70

Critical region
Since ≠ is used in H 1,
t ←t α or t >t α will be used. Now using the student t-distribution table, the value of −t α is
,v ,v ,v
2 2 2
−t α =−t 0.005 ,19=−2.861 and
,v
2
t 0.005 ,19=2.861
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
 ACTIVITY 12
Determine the given and construct the acceptance and critical region of the problems in Activity 7 . Write your
answer in your notebook.
Page 17

LESSON 4.3

REJECTION REGION USING CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

This case happens when the population is not normally distributed or approximately normally distributed and
the sample size is 30 or more. Let us consider examples 3.3.1 and 3.3.2. We will determine the given, formulate the
null and alternative hypotheses, compute the test statistic, and construct the acceptance and critical region of these
examples.

Example 3.3.1.

From lesson 3.3, we have the following

Given: n=35, μ0 =5,000, x=6,000 , s=600 α =0.05
Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The average monthly benefit of San Miguel Corporation employees is Php 5.000.00.
H 0: μ=5000

H 1: The average monthly benefit of San Miguel Corporation employees is greater than Php 5,000.00.
H 1: μ>5000
σ s 600
According to Central Limit Theorem, σ x = ≈ = =101.42
√ n √ n √ 35
Test Statistic: z=
( ) (
x −μ 0
σx )
( √ n )= 6000−5000 ( √ 35 )=58.33 .
101.42
Critical region/s: z > z 0.05
z 0.05=1.645
Example 3.3.2.
Given: n=30, μ0 =12,500, x=10,000 , s=2000 α =10 %=0.10
Null and alternative hypotheses
H 0: The mean monthly salary of GMA-ABS employees is Php 12,500.00.
H 0: μ=12,500

H 1: The mean monthly salary of GMA-ABS employees is less than Php 12,500.00.
H 1: μ<12,500
σ s 2000
According to Central Limit Theorem, σ x = ≈ = =365.15
√ n √ n √30
Test Statistic: z=
( ) (
x −μ 0
σx )
( √ n )= 10000−12500 ( √ 30 )=−37.50.
365.15

Critical region/s: z ← z 0.10 −z 0.10=−1.282

Page 18

ACTIVITY 13
Construct the critical region of the problems in Activity 10 using Central Limit Theorem. Write the problems
and answers in your activity notebook.
ASSESSMENT
A. You are now done with the second lesson of this module. To find out if you have learned from this lesson,
answer the questions below. Determine what is described by each statement below. Write your answers in
your activity notebook.
1. It is a value that is the average distance of the values of data from a sample.
2. It is the square of the population standard deviation.
3. It is the sum of all population data divided by the number of population data.
4. It depicts the number of pieces of independent information available for computing variability.
5. It is the degrees of freedom of a single population.

B. Determine the given, formulate the null and alternative hypotheses in words and in symbols, and the
appropriate test statistic. Write the given and your answers in your activity notebook.

1. A seller claimed that her lip tint has a mean organic content of 90%. A rival seller asked 60 users of that lip tint and
found that it has a mean organic content of 85% with a standard deviation of 5%. Test the claim at 1% level of
significance and assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.

2. A company produced ethyl alcohol and claimed to have a mean alcohol content of 70%. A random sample of 80 of
ethyl alcohol bottles was taken as sample to verify this claim. It was found out that the mean alcohol content is 65%
with a standard deviation of 2%. Test the claim at 5% level of significance and assume that the population is normally
distributed.
Lesson 5
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS ON THE POPULATION MEAN

Test of hypothesis is one of the most popular tools used in scientific investigations. This process is a rule on
deciding not to reject null hypothesis. Two methods will be considered in this module.
LESSON 5.1
PROBLEMS INVOLVING TEST OF HYPOTHESIS ON THE POPULATION MEAN

In this lesson, several test of hypotheses problems will be given and answered. This time most of the
examples from previous lessons will be completely answered.
From Example 2.1.1

Given: n=200, μ=5, σ =2, x=5 , α =0.05

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses:
H 0 : μ=5
H 1 : μ< 5
2. Specify the level of significance to be used: α =0.05
3. Select the appropriate and compute test statistic

z= ( x −μ
σ ) ( √ n )= (
2 )
3−5
( √ 200 )=−14.14
4. Establish the critical region/s: Based on H 1, this is a one-tailed test (left-tailed test) with critical regions
z <−z α where −z α =−z 0.05=−1.645. The critical region (shaded part) is illustrated below.
Page 19

5. Make a statistical decision

Since −14.14←1.645 is TRUE, H 0 is rejected. From the illustration below, −14.14 lies within the critical
region (shaded part).
6. Draw the appropriate conclusion: There is enough evidence to conclude that the average reduction of
production expenses per bottle is less than Php 5.00.

From Example 2.2.1

Given: x=6 , μ0 =5, s=2, n=15, v=df =15−1=14 and α =0.05

1. Hypotheses: H 0 : μ=5 and H 1 : μ> 5

2. Significance level: α =0.05 and v=14

3. Test Statistic: t= (
x−μ
s )
( √ n )= ( )
6−5
2
( √ 15 ) =1.94
4. Critical region:
Since ¿ is used in H 1, t >t α, v will be used. Now using the student t-distribution table, the value of t α ,v is
t α ,v =t 0.05,14 =1.761
The critical region (shaded region) is constructed below.

5. Decision: Since 1.94>1.761 is TRUE, H 0 is rejected. From the illustration above, 1.94 lies within the
critical region.

6. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean number of hours to finish answering the
Statistics module is greater than 5 hours.

From Example 2.2.3

Given: x=65 , μ0 =70, s=32, n=20, and α =1 %=0.01
1. Hypotheses: H 0: μ=70 and H 1: μ ≠70
α 0.01
2. Significance level: = =0.005
2 2
3. Test statistic: t=
s(
x−μ
)
( √ n )= (
65−70
32 )
( √ 20 )=−0.70 and v=19

4. Critical region: Since ≠ is used in H 1,

t ←t α or t >t α will be used. Now using the student t-distribution
,v ,v
2 2

table, the value of

−t α is
,v
2
−t α =−t 0.005 ,19=−2.861 and t
,v 0.005 ,19 =2.861.The critical regions are illustrated below.
2
Page 20
 5. Decision: Since −0.70←2.861 is FALSE and −0.70>2.861 is also FALSE, H 0 is rejected. From the
illustration above, −0.70 lies between the two critical regions.
6. Conclusion: There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old
was 70 inches.

ASSESSMENT

Perform as indicated in the problems below. Write the given and your answers in your activity notebook.

1. A seller claimed that her lip tint has a mean organic content of 90%. A rival seller asked 60 users of that lip tint and
found that it has a mean organic content of 85% with a standard deviation of 5%. Test the claim at 1% level of
significance and assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.

2. An association of City Mayors conducted a study to determine the average number of times a family went to buy
necessities in a week. They found that the mean is 4 times in a week. A random sample of 20 families were asked and
found a mean of 5 times in a week and a standard deviation of 2. Use 5% significance level to test that the population
mean is not equal to 5. Assume that the population is normally distributed.

Lesson 6
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS ON THE POPULATION PROPORTION
In this lesson, hypothesis testing will be used on population proportion. There are real-life situations where
population mean is not used, instead it uses population proportion. The procedure is in some way similar to that of
population mean and might differ in some aspects.

There are certain situations when the data to be analyzed involve population proportions or percentages. For
example, a politician may want to know the percentage of his constituents who approve of his policy on educational
reform. A manufacturer may want to know the proportions of defective products in the assembly line. This type of
problems uses a different approach.
When testing about a proportion, the following assumptions must be made:

1. The conditions for a binomial experiment are met. That is, there is a fixed number of independent trials with
constant probabilities and each trial has two outcomes that we usually classify as “success” and “failure”.
2. The condition np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5 are both satisfied so that the binomial distribution with μ=np and σ =√ npq .

If all the above conditions are met, the test statistic is the z-test statistic for proportions. The formula for computing
this value is:

Sample proportion−Null Hypothesized proportion

Test statistic: z=
Standard deviation of sample proportion

^p− p0
z=
σ ^p

X
Where: ^p= ,
n

p0 = is the hypothesized population proportion p, Page 21

σ ^p=
√ pq is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of ^p.
n

However, we use σ ^p=

hypothesized value p0 .
√ p0 q 0
n
in computing the value of the test statistic z because we are going to use the

Note: q 0=1− p 0.
 Test statistics z for proportions is:
^p −p 0
z=

√ p0 q 0
n

We will now
apply the
formula and
steps involving
testing
hypothesis on
the population
proportion.

Example 1: Using the 0.5 level of significance run a z-test given the following:
5
n=74; ^p= ; p =10 %
74 0
Solution:

1. The parameter of interest is the population proportion p.

2. H 0 : p= p0
H 0 : p=0.10

H 1 : p ≠ 0.10

3. With n=74, the Central Limit Theorem applies.

4. α=0.5 , Two-tailed (The problem does not suggest direction.

^p −p 0
z=

√ p0 q 0
5.
n
5
^p= =0.068
74
p0= 0.10
q 0=1− p 0= 1-0.10 = 0.9

Note: In the p-value approach, we compute the probability value to the left of -
0.91. The area between z=0 and z=0.91 is given in z-table as 0.3186.
0.068−0.1
Therefore,z=
the observed probability value is 0.5000-0.3186 = 0.1814. Since the

0.3628. √
(0.1)(0.9)
test is two-tailed, the p-value is multiplied by 2. So, p-value = 0.1814 x 2 =
74

z=−0.91
6. Reject the H 0if the computed probability value is ≤ 0.05. Do not reject (or accept) H 0if the computed
probability value ¿ 0.05 .

7. We know that 0.3628>0.05

Page 22
 8. Thus, based on the evidence at hand we cannot reject the null hypothesis H 0. There is no significant
difference between the sample proportion and the population proportion.

Example 2: Mr. Sy asserts that fewer than 5% of the bulbs that he sells are defective. Suppose 300 bulbs are
randomly selected and tested and 10 defective bulbs are found. Does this provide sufficient evidence for Mr. Sy to
conclude that the fraction of defective bulbs is less than 0.05? use α =0.01 .

Solution:

1. The parameter of interest is the population proportion p.

2. H 0 : p= p0
H 0 : p=0.05

H 1 : p ≠ 0.05

3. With n=300, the Central Limit Theorem applies.

4. α=0.5 , one-tailed (clue word: fewer than).

^p −p 0
z=

√ p0 q 0
5.
So, p-value = P( z ≤−1.35)
n The area between z=0 and z=-1.35 is .4115.
10
^p= =0.033 So, P ( z ≤−1.35 )=.05−.4115=0.885
300
p0= 0.05 That is, p-value = 0.885
q 0=1− p 0= 1-0.05 = 0.95

0.033−0.5
z=

√
(0.5)(0.95)

z=−1.35
300

6. Reject the H 0 if the computed probability value is ≤ 0.05. Do not reject (or accept) H 0 if the computed
probability value ¿ 0.05 .

7. We know that 0.885>0.01

8. Thus, based on the evidence at hand we cannot reject the null hypothesis H 0 . There is no significant
difference between the sample proportion and the population proportion.

Assessment
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. This refers to an intelligent guess about a population proportion.

Hypothesis B. Test statistic C. Decision D. Interpretation

2. What mathematical model is appropriate for decision-making?

Graphical representation C. z-statistic
Normal curve D. None of these
3. When the null hypothesis is rejected which of the following is true?
There is sufficient evidence to back up the decision.
There is no sufficient evidence to back up the decision.
The conclusion is guaranteed.
The conclusion is not guaranteed.
4. Equivalent for the 95% confidence level.
α=.01 B. α=.05 C. α=.10 D. α=.025
5. Which of the following is the standard deviation of sample proportions?
 a. √pq B. √(p/q) C. √(p_0/q_0 )*n D. √((p_0 q_0)/n)
6. For a z-test of proportions which of the following is the rejection region for a two-tailed test?
a. z>z_a B. z>z_(a/2) C. z<z_a D. z<z_(a/2)
7. For a z-test of proportions which of the following is the rejection region for a one-tailed test?
a. z>z_a or z>〖-z〗_a C. z<z_a or z>〖-z〗_a
b. z>-z_(a/2) or z>z_(a/2) D. z<-z_(a/2) or z>z_(a/2)
Page 23
8. If p_0=0.37 what is q_0?
A. 0.37 B. 0.730 C. 0.63 D. 0.53
9. In a z-test of proportions, the computed z lies in the rejection region. This means that:
a. The sample proportion is equal to the hypothesized proportion.
b. The sample proportion is equal to the population proportion.
c. The sample proportion is not equal to the hypothesized proportion.
d. The sample proportion is not equal to the population proportion.
10. In a one-tailed z-test proportions the comparative statement is 0.35>0.42. What decision should be made about
H_0?
a. Reject H_0
b. Accept H_0
c. The sample proportion >than the population proportion
d. The sample proportion <than the population proportion

Page 24