Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and

analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.

Non-parametric tests are the mathematical methods used in statistical hypothesis testing, which do not
make assumptions about the frequency distribution of variables that are to be evaluated. The non-
parametric experiment is used when there are skewed data, and it comprises techniques that do not
depend on data pertaining to any particular distribution.

Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution
from which the sample is drawn. This is often the assumption that the population data are normally
distributed.

What is the role of statistics in scientific research?

 Statistics play a vital role in researches. For example statistics can used as in data
collection, analysis, interpretation, explanation and presentation. Use of statistics will
guide researchers in research for proper characterization, summarization, presentation
and interpretation of the result of research.
 Statistics provides a platform for research as to; How to go about your research, either to
consider a sample or the whole population, the Techniques to use in data collection and
observation, how to go about the data description (using measure of central tendency).
 Statistical methods and analyses are often used to communicate research findings and to
support hypotheses and give credibility to research methodology and conclusions.
 It is important for researchers and also consumers of research to understand statistics so
that they can be informed, evaluate the credibility and usefulness of information, and
make appropriate decisions.
 Statistics is very important when it comes to the conclusion of the research. In this aspect
the major purposes of statistics are to help us understand and describe phenomena in our
word and to help us draw reliable conclusions about those phenomena.
Definitions: ANOVA:

Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is a statistical method that separates observed variance data into
different components to use for additional tests. A one-way ANOVA is used for three or more groups of
data, to gain information about the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.

Why we do anova

 ANOVA is used when the comparison is to be made between more than two population
means such as manufacturing defects from different shifts or from different process or from
difference plants.
 When we use ANOVA, it is assumed that the sample is drawn from the normally distributed
population and the population variance is equal.
 The basic principle is to test the variances among population means by assessing the amount
of variation within group items, proportionate to the amount of variation between groups.
 The null hypothesis takes the form of H0: all population means are the same and alternative
hypothesis H1: at least one population mean is different.

Correlation is used to test relationships between quantitative variables or categorical variables. In

other words, it’s a measure of how things are related. The study of how variables are correlated
is called correlation analysis.

 example of data that have a high correlation:

our eye color and your relatives’ eye colors.

 examples of data that have a low correlation (or none at all):

The cost of a car wash and how long it takes to buy a soda inside the station.

Where to use

 Correlation is used to describe the linear relationship between two continuous variables
(e.g., height and weight). In general, correlation tends to be used when there is no
identified response variable. It measures the strength (qualitatively) and direction of the
linear relationship between two or more variables.
 Correlation analysis is used to quantify the degree to which two variables are related.
Through the correlation analysis, you evaluate correlation coefficient that tells you how
 much one variable changes when the other one does. Correlation analysis provides you
with a linear relationship between two variables.

The Correlation Coefficient

A correlation coefficient is a way to put a value to the relationship. Correlation coefficients have
a value of between -1 and 1. A “0” means there is no relationship between the variables at all,
while -1 or 1 means that there is a perfect negative or positive correlation (negative or positive
correlation here refers to the type of graph the relationship will produce).

Why correlation is important

A correlation between variables indicates that as one variable changes in value, the other variable
tends to change in a specific direction. Understanding that relationship is useful because we can use the
value of one variable to predict the value of the other variable.

Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables. The most common form of regression
analysis is linear regression, in which one finds the line (or a more complex linear combination)
that most closely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion.

Uses

Regression analysis is primarily used for two conceptually distinct purposes.

First, regression analysis is widely used for prediction and forecasting, where its use has
substantial overlap with the field of machine learning.

Second, in some situations regression analysis can be used to infer causal relationships between
the independent and dependent variables.

Importance

Regression Analysis, a statistical technique, is used to evaluate the relationship between two or
more variables. Regression analysis helps an organization to understand what their data points
represent and use them accordingly with the help of business analytical techniques in order to do
better decision-making.