Lesson

1 Random Sampling

What’s In

If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or hypothesis, he

will consider the problem by selecting a section of the population of the study using
a method called random sampling. In random sampling, all subjects in the
population listed in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the
survey. This means that, ultimately, each member of the sample retains
characteristics, or impartial characteristics, of the population. With random
sampling, the conclusions of the post-hypothesis tests applied to the sample
selection will apply to the entire population as well. This is due to the fact that the
selection of the sample essentially represents the characteristics of the population
from which it is obtained, since each member of the sample was drawn unbiased
from the population data. When bias in sample selection is avoided, the results of a
particular study are considered more conclusive and the error is minimized.

Notes to the Teacher

The students should understand the importance of having a
random sampling in research.

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 What’s New

Analyze the following study.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in Statistics and
probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school with 150 students in the
subject. Should she get the scores of one class only?

Analysis

Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if she will get the scores
of her entire class to have an analysis.

What is It

The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In

research, the population does not always refer to people. It may mean a group
containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or

by non-random sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is
hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the population.

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 Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population,
which is the subject of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the
sample has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.

Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the

population has an equal chance of being selected. An instance of this is when
members of the population have their names represented by small pieces of paper
that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the members
selected will be included.

2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the

population are listed and samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals.
In this technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from a randomly
selected starting point. For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a
population of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as the starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of

the population are grouped on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is
used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population within
which full representation is required. The sample is constructed by classifying the
population into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of
the population, such as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of
elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually by random or
systematic sampling methods.

Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400
students from the population which are grouped according to the
cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per
city.

City Population (N)

12,000
A
10,000
B
4,000
C
2,000
D

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Solution:

To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city ,

we divide the number of students per city by total population (N= 28,000)
multiply the result by the total sample size (n= 400).

City Population (N) Sample (n)

A 12,000 12,000
x (400)= 171
28,000
B 10,000 10,000
x (400)= 143
28,000
C 4,000 4,000
x (400)= 57
28,000
D 2,000 2,000
x (400)= 29
28,000

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a

geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken randomly from the
provinces first, followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from
households.

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For

example, when selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to
determine the number of respondents from selected areas and clusters.

What’s More

On your answer sheet, give one situation where each of the sampling methods is
being applied.

1. Lottery Sampling:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

2. Systematic Sampling:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

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3. Stratified Random Sampling
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

4. Cluster Sampling
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

5. Multi-stage sampling
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

What I Have Learned

Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random
sampling technique. A sample is a representation of the population where
one hopes to draw valid conclusions from about population.
3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the
subject of the investigation or experiment, where each sample point has an
equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique.
4. A sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are
listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.

What I Can Do

If you were a researcher and wanted to conduct a research within

your Barangay, what would it be? What sampling technique are you going to
use?