Statistics

and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4:
Random Sampling,
Parameter and Statistic, and
Sampling Distribution of
Statistics
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the Statistics and Probability. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Random Sampling
 Lesson 2 – Parameter and Statistic
 Lesson 3 – Sampling Distribution of statistics (sample mean)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling; (M11/12SP-IIId-2)
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic; (M11/12SP-IIId-3) and
3. identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean).(M11/12SP-IIId-4)

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Lesson
Random Sampling
1

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.

A. population
B. sample
C. random sampling
D. subset

2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or nonrandom

sampling techniques.
A. population
B. sample
C. random sampling
D. lottery sampling

3. What sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and
samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.
A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. stratified random sampling
D. quota sampling

4. It is sometimes called area sampling, it applies on a geographical basis.

A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. stratified random sampling
D. cluster sampling

5. It refers to a part of the sampling technique where each sample point has an
equal chance of being selected.
A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. random sampling
D. quota sampling

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Lesson

1 Random Sampling

What’s In

If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or hypothesis, he

will consider the problem by selecting a section of the population of the study using
a method called random sampling. In random sampling, all subjects in the
population listed in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the
survey. This means that, ultimately, each member of the sample retains
characteristics, or impartial characteristics, of the population. With random
sampling, the conclusions of the post-hypothesis tests applied to the sample
selection will apply to the entire population as well. This is due to the fact that the
selection of the sample essentially represents the characteristics of the population
from which it is obtained, since each member of the sample was drawn unbiased
from the population data. When bias in sample selection is avoided, the results of a
particular study are considered more conclusive and the error is minimized.

Notes to the Teacher

The students should understand the importance of having a random sampling
in research.

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 What’s New

Analyze the following study.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in Statistics and
probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school with 150 students in the
subject. Should she get the scores of one class only?

Analysis

Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if she will get the scores
of her entire class to have an analysis.

What is It

The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In

research, the population does not always refer to people. It may mean a group
containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or

by non-random sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is
hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the population.

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 Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population,
which is the subject of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the
sample has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.

Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the

population has an equal chance of being selected. An instance of this is when
members of the population have their names represented by small pieces of paper
that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the members
selected will be included.

2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the

population are listed and samples are selected at intervals called sample
intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from a
randomly selected starting point. For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample
from a population of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list. In
practice, the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as the
starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of

the population are grouped on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is
used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population within
which full representation is required. The sample is constructed by classifying the
population into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of
the population, such as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of
elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually by random or
systematic sampling methods.

Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400
students from the population which are grouped according to the
cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per
city.

City Population (N)

12,000
A
10,000
B
4,000
C
2,000
D

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Solution:

To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city ,

we divide the number of students per city by total population (N= 28,000)
multiply the result by the total sample size (n= 400).

City Population (N) Sample (n)

12,000
A 12,000 x (400)= 171
28,000
10,000
B 10,000 x (400)= 143
28,000
4,000
C 4,000 x (400)= 57
28,000
2,000
D 2,000 x (400)= 29
28,000

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a

geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken randomly from the
provinces first, followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from
households.

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For

example, when selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to
determine the number of respondents from selected areas and clusters.

What’s More
On your answer sheet, give one situation where each of the sampling methods is
being applied.

1. Lottery Sampling:

2. Systematic Sampling:

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3. Stratified Random Sampling

4. Cluster Sampling

5. Multi-stage sampling

What I Have Learned

Identify the terms being described and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or non-random
sampling technique. A sample is a representation of the population where
one hopes to draw valid conclusions from about population.
3. This is a selection of n elements derived from a population N, which is the
subject of the investigation or experiment, where each sample point has an
equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling technique.
4. A sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
5. It refers to a sampling technique in which members of the population are
listed and samples are selected in intervals called sample intervals.

What I Can Do

If you were a researcher and wanted to conduct a research within

your Barangay, what would it be? What sampling technique are you going to
use?

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 Assessment

A. Identify the type of sampling method. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of paper and
puts it in a box for the graded recitation.

2. The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in the list.

3. Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.

4.There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55 senior

citizens in a certain area. Samples are taken according to the total number of
people in the area.

5. All the names of the employees of the company are put in a raffle box.

Additional Activities
Get the samples needed for each category using stratified random sampling.

There are 20 members of taekwondo club, 40 math club members, 60 drama

theatre members, and 30 members of science club. The researchers want to get 20
respondents out of these organizations. Identify the samples to be taken in each
organization.

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Lesson
Parameter and Statistic
2

What I Know

Determine the statement whether it is true or false. Write T if the statement

is true and F if it is false. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A statistic is a number which describes a sample.

2. A parameter is a descriptive measure of population.

3. An example of parameter is the sample mean.

4. The value of a parameter can be approximated and is not necessarily equal

to the statistic of a sample.

5. An example of statistic is a population mean.

What’s In

In this course, the parameters and statistics are closely related terms that
are important for the determination of the sample size. Many have trouble
understanding the difference between the parameter and the statistic, but it's
important to know exactly what these measures mean and how to distinguish
them.

What’s New

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a
population and a sample.

1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1000 people in Barangay, 143 and

asked if they used a certain coffee product and 40% of them said yes.

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2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a certain school to identify their
insights about their favourite shoe brand.

Analysis: In the first case the researcher measures for a sample. Only 40% out of
100 said yes. While in the second case the researcher measures the population
because the researcher interviewed all the students of that school.

What is It

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the

characteristics of the entire population (a mass of all the units under consideration
that share common characteristics) based on all the elements within that
population.

Example:

1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all

elements in a shopping cart, and all students in a classroom.

2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their

favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and
observed directly. The statistic is a characteristic of a population or sample group.
You will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample and calculate the
standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain
conclusions about the entire population.

Example:

1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care
proposal. Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree,
What’s More
so they take samples or part of the population and calculate the rest.

2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

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Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples of statistic. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

What I Have Learned

To generalize your learned skills and concepts, take note of the similarities
and differences of parameter and statistic .
What I Can Do
Direction: On your answer sheets, draw a Venn diagram by listing the
similarities and differences
In conducting of parameter
a research, and statistic.
which measure are you going to use? Parameter or
statistic? Why?

Assessment

Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a certain Barangay is

P 12, 213.00 a month.

2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.

3. Number of senior high schools in Region 3.

4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students reported the

average weight of 54.3 kg.

5. Average age of students in East High School.

Additional Activities

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 Give a situation in your area that is an example of parameter and
statistic. Explain why you considered it as a parameter or a statistic.

Lesson Sampling Distribution of the

3 Sample Means

What I Know

Given the set of numbers, compute for the mean. Write your answer on the
space provided in each item. Round off your answers to two decimal places.

1. 4, 12, 34, 45, 6

2. 23, 45, 67, 89, 21, 11
3. 88, 87, 86, 89, 88, 90
4. 34, 21, 45, 67, 23
5. 12, 9, 6, 5, 32, 40

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned the concept about the parameter
and statistic. In this lesson we will study a form of probability distribution which is
known as the sampling distribution.

What’s New

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 A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

sample mean
2,3 2.5

What is It
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a
time), where N is the total population and n is the sample to be taken out of the
population,

In this case N= 5 and n= 2

5 C2 = 10

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

sample Sample mean

2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3
2, 6 4
2, 10 6
2, 12 7
3, 10 6.5
3, 6 4.5
3, 12 7.5
6, 10 8
6, 12 9

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based
on the sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for
samples.

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C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This
probability distribution is called the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample mean Probability

1
2.5 or 0.1
10
1
3 or 0.1
10
1
4 or 0.1
10
1
4.5 or 0.1
10
1
6 or 0.1
10
1
6.5 or 0.1
10
1
7 or 0.1
10
1
7.5 or 0.1
10
1
8 or 0.1
10
1
9 or 0.1
10

1
Observe that all sample means appeared only one; thus, their probability is P(x)=
10
or 0.1

A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency distribution using

the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size
taken from a population.

Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data below.

86 88 90 95 98

Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.

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A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn, where N is the total population and n
is the sample to be taken out of the population,

In this case N= 5 and n= 3

5 C3 = 10

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

sample Sample mean

86, 88, 90 88
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 95, 98 93
88, 90, 95 91
88, 90, 98 92
88, 95, 98 94
90, 95, 98 94

C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This
probability distribution is called, the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample mean Probability

88 1
or 0.1
10
90 2
or 0.2
10
91 3
or 0.3
10
92 1
or 0.1
10
93 1
or 0.1
10
94 2
or 0.2
10

Observe that 88, 92 and 93 appeared only once; thus their probability is P(x)= 1 or
10
2
0.1. Since 90 and 94 appeared twice, their probability is P(x)= or 0.2. While 91
10
3
appeared thrice, their probability is P(x)= or 0.3
10

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 Observe that the total probability of all sample means must be equal
to 1.

What’s More

A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 8, 10 and 5. Let us list all

the possible samples of size 3 from this population and construct the sampling
distribution of the sample mean.

What I Have Learned

Complete the statement by filling in the blank. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

A is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all

possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population. To get the
possible samples use the formula , where N is the and n is the
size to be taken. The total probability of the sample mean must be equal to .

What I Can Do
Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean and answer the questions on
your answer sheet.

Samples of 3 cards are drawn from a population of five cards numbered from 1-5.

1. How many are the possible outcomes?

2. What are the possible means?

3. What is the probability of getting 4 as a mean?

4. What is the probability of getting 2 as a mean?

5. What is the probability of getting 3.33 as a mean?

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 Assessment

Construct all random samples consisting three observations from the given data.

Arrange the observations in ascending order without replacement and repetition.

86 89 92 95 98

Additional Activities

Construct all random samples consisting two observations from the given data.
You are asked to guess the average weight of the six watermelons by taking a
random sample without replacement from the population.

Watermelon A B C D E F

Weight (in pounds) 19 14 15 9 10 17

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Answer Key

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