STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Prepared by:

MANUEL JAYJAY D. ASUNCION III, LPT

SHS Teacher II
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF
SAMPLE MEANS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
 define and illustrate random sampling;
 differentiate the sampling techniques;
 distinguish between parameter and statistic;
 construct sampling distribution of sample means;
 find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample means; and
 defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a
normal population when the variance is: (a) known; (b)
unknown
In doing a research,
how do you select
your respondents?
 SAMPLING
 the process of selecting units like people, organizations, or
objects from a population of interest in order to study and fairly
generalize the results back to the population from which the
sample was chosen
Population: the entire group of Sample: the part of the population we
individuals in which we are interested actually examine and for which we do
but can’t usually assess directly. have data.

Population

Sample
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sampling Non-probability Sampling
Simple random Convenience

Systematic Purposive

Stratified Snowball

Clustered Quota
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

 Simple Random Sampling

- is a sampling technique in which each
member of the sample is selected by the
equivalent drawing of lots
Simple Random Sampling
Example:
A researcher wants to study the effects of social media
on Grade 11 students in Ilocos Norte National High School. He
wishes to use the simple random sampling technique in
choosing the members of his sample. If there are 1000 Grade
11 students in the school, how many students should be in his
sample if the margin of error is 5%? Discuss the steps he must
take if he wishes to use the lottery method.
Simple Random Sampling
Solution:
Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in
the sample. Use The Slovin’s formula (Robert Slovin) as
follows:

where, 𝑛 = number of samples needed

𝑁= population size
𝑒 = margin of error
Simple Random Sampling
Given: 𝑁 =1 000 𝑒=5 %=0.05
𝑵
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏+ 𝑵 𝒆

1 000
𝑛=
1+(1 000) ¿ ¿
𝑛=285.7
𝒏≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟔 286 grade 11 students will be selected as
samples .
Simple Random Sampling
Step 2. Assign a number to each member of the population. In this
problem, assign a number to each of the 1,000 students.

Step 3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size
and shape. Fold the pieces of paper

Step 4. Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5. Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from
the bowl or box.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Systematic Random
- is a random sampling technique in which every
kth element of the population is selected until the
desired number of elements in the sample is
obtained.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Systematic Random
- The value of k is calculated by dividing the number of
elements in the population by the number of elements
in the desired sample. The value of k is the sampling
interval.
𝑵
𝒌=
𝒏
where 𝑘 = sampling interval
𝑁 = population size
𝑛 = sample size
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Stratified Sampling
- is a random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata, and then samples
are randomly selected from each stratum. In stratified
sampling, the population is partitioned into several
subgroups called strata, based on some characteristics
like year, level, gender, age, ethnicity, etc.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚

𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚= · 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚= · 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
245 192
𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒:437 ( 50)¿ 28.03 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 :437 ( 50)¿ 21.97
≈ 28 ≈ 22
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

 Cluster Sampling
- Like stratified sampling, the population is
divided into groups, called clusters. However, the
clusters are heterogeneous which means they are
grouped differently according to the controlling
variables of the study.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Convenience Sampling
- haphazard sampling
- carried out on the matter of convenience or ease of
implementation on the part of the researcher.
 Purposive Sampling
- done with a purposive in mind
- called judgmental or selective sampling focuses on
samples which are taken based on the judgment of the
researcher.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Snowball Sampling
- called chain-referral sampling
- The researcher chooses a possible respondent for the
study at hand. Then each respondent is asked to give
recommendations or referrals to other possible respondents.
 Quota Sampling
- equivalent of stratified random sampling in terms of
nonprobability sampling.
In general, the probability sampling techniques are
more preferred in researches and studies than the
non-probability sampling techniques as they ensure
the representativeness of the whole population..
Non-probability sampling techniques, however, are
criticized for their lack of randomization and
representative quality.
 Identify the type of sampling technique used by the
EXERCISE researcher in each of the following situations.
S:
1. A soccer coach selects six players from a group of boys aged
eight to ten, seven players from a group aged 11 to 12, and
three players from a group of boys aged 13 to 14 to form a
recreational soccer team.
2. The teacher gave the researcher a list of 125 Grade 11
students. The researcher selected every 15th name on the list.
3. A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50
random numbers and then picks students whose names
correspond to the numbers.
4. A medical researcher interviews every third cancer patient
from a list of cancer patients at a local hospital.
 Identify the type of sampling technique used by the researcher
EXERCISE in each of the following situations.
S:
5. A researcher wants to determine who among the families
in a small town divided into barrios are using the new
HUAWEI cellphone. These are the final barrios to respond
in the research.
6. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine
who was better in English: the girls or the boys.
7. A researcher selected a sample of n = 100 from a
population of 650 by using the Table of Random Numbers.
8. A researcher interviewed people from each town in the
province of Ilocos Norte for his research on technologies.
EXERCISE
S:You want to interview 300 students in your school to determine their opinion
on the new school uniform. How will you choose your sample using stratified
sampling if there are 1500 students in Grade 7; 1,200 in Grade 8; 1020 in
Grade 9; 980 in Grade 10; 1250 in Grade 11; and 2050 in Grade 12?
Complete the table below. Show your solution.
 PARAMETER VS. STATISTIC
 A parameter is a number
describing a characteristic of
the population. Parameters are
usually unknown.
 A statistic is a number
describing a characteristic of a
sample. We often use a statistic
to estimate an unknown
population parameter.
PARAMETER VS. STATISTIC

Sample Population
Estimator
Statistic Parameter
Mean
Standard
s
deviation
Variance
PARAMETER VS. STATISTIC
ENTRY CARD!
A. Computing for the mean.
Find the mean of the following sets of numbers.

GIVEN MEAN
6, 10, 9, 12, 4, 5 7.67
12, 2, 5, 7, 11, 8, 4 7.00
20, 22, 24, 18, 14, 25, 26 21.29
 𝑁!
ENTRY CARD! N C n 𝑛 ! ( 𝑁 −𝑛 ) !
¿

B. Evaluating combination of N objects taken n at a time

Evaluate the following.
5! 8!
C 8 C4 4 ! ( 8 − 4 ) !
1. ¿ ¿
2. 5 3 3 ! ( 5 −3 ) !

5·4·3! 8 · 7 ·6 ·5 · 4 !
¿ ¿
3 ! ·2 ! 4!· 4!
20 8 · 7 ·6 ·5
¿ ¿
2 ·1 4 ·3 · 2 ·1
5 C3 ¿ 10 8 C4 ¿ 70
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
SAMPLE MEANS

 The sampling distribution of sample means is

the probability distribution of all possible values
the random variable may assume when a
sample of size n is taken from a specified
population.
CONSTRUCTING THE SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
STEPS:
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from
the population using the formula:
where N = size of the population
N Cn
n = size of the
sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in
step 2.
EXAMPLE 1
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 5, 9, and 10. List all
possible samples of size 3 from this population and compute the
mean of each sample. And then construct the sampling distribution
of sample means.
Solution: N=5 n=3
=
5 C3

= 10
5 C3
 EXAMPLE 1 {2, 4, 5, 9, 10}
List of 10 possible samples of size 3 and the corresponding means.
SAMPLE MEAN
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 5, 9 5.33
2, 5, 10 5.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
4, 5, 9 6.00
4, 5, 10 6.33
4, 9, 10 7.67
5, 9, 10 8.00
EXAMPLE 1
Sample Mean Frequency f Probability P()
3.67 1 1/10 = 0.1
5.00 1 1/10 = 0.1
5.33 2 2/10 = 0.2
5.67 1 1/10 = 0.1
6.00 1 1/10 = 0.1
6.33 1 1/10 = 0.1
7.00 1 1/10 = 0.1
7.67 1 1/10 = 0.1
8.00 1 1/10 = 0.1
TOTAL n = 10 1.0
The means of the samples are less than or
greater than the mean of the population. The
difference between the sample mean and the
population mean is called the SAMPLING
ERROR. It is the error due to sampling.
EXAMPLE 2
Samples of two cards are drawn at random from a population
of 8 cards numbered from 1 to 8.
a. How many samples can be drawn?
b. List all the possible samples of size 2 and the corresponding
means.
c. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
d. Construct a histogram of the sampling distribution of the
means.
EXAMPLE 2
Solution:
a. Find the number of samples that can be drawn.
N=8 n=2
=
8 C2

= 28

8 C2
EXAMPLE 2 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Sample Mean Sample Mean Sample Mean
1, 2 1.50 2, 6 4.00 4, 7 5.50
1, 3 2.00 2, 7 4.50 4, 8 6.00
1, 4 2.50 2, 8 5.00 5, 6 5.50
1, 5 3.00 3, 4 3.50 5, 7 6.00
1, 6 3.50 3, 5 4.00 5, 8 6.50
1, 7 4.00 3, 6 4.50 6, 7 6.50
1, 8 4.50 3, 7 5.00 6, 8 7.00
2, 3 2.50 3, 8 5.50 7, 8 7.50
2, 4 3.00 4, 5 4.50
2, 5 3.50 4, 6 5.00
EXAMPLE 2
f P()
1.50 1 1/28
2.00 1 1/28
2.50 2 2/28
3.00 2 2/28
3.50 3 3/28
4.00 3 3/28
4.50 4 4/28
5.00 3 3/28
5.50 3 3/28
6.00 2 2/28
6.50 2 2/28
7.00 1 1/28
7.50 1 1/28
TOTAL 28 1.00
Mean and Variance of Sampling
Distribution of Sample Means
RECALL:
∑ 𝑿 ∑ ( 𝑿 −𝝁 ) 𝟐

𝝈=√ 𝝈
𝟐
𝝁= 𝝈𝟐 =
𝑵 𝑵

where:
μ = mean
= variance
σ = standard deviation
X = score or value
N = number of scores or values
REVIEW: Find the mean, the variance and the standard deviation
of the following set of data 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Complete the table
below to compute the variance and standard deviation.

X 𝝁=
∑ 𝑿 1+2+3 +4 +5
¿
𝑵 5
1 -2 4 15
𝝁= =¿𝟑 . 𝟎𝟎
2 -1 1 5
3 0 0 𝟐 ∑ ( 𝑿 −𝝁 ) 𝟐
10
𝝈 = ¿ =¿𝟐 . 𝟎𝟎
4 1 1 𝑵 5
5 2 𝝈=√ 2=¿ 1.41
4

∑ ( 𝑿 −𝝁
𝟐
) =¿¿ 10
Mean and Variance of Sampling
Distribution of Sample Means

𝝈 𝒙 =∑ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 ) · ( 𝑿−𝝁𝒙 )
𝝁𝒙= 𝑿 · 𝑷 ( 𝑿 ) 𝟐 𝟐

where:
= mean of the sample means
= sample means
= probability of sample means
= variance of the sample means
= standard deviation of the sample means
Example 1.
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose
samples of size 2 are drawn from this population. Describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means. What is the mean,
variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
Compare these values to the mean and variance of the
population.

Solution:

𝝁=𝟑 . 𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝝈 =𝟐 .𝟎𝟎 𝝈=𝟏 . 𝟒𝟏
Determine the number of possible samples of size 2.
N=5 n=2

5 C2  10 There are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be

drawn.

List all possible samples and their corresponding means.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Samples Mean Samples Mean
1, 2 1.50 2, 4 3.00
1, 3 2.00 2, 5 3.50
1, 4 2.50 3, 4 3.50
1, 5 3.00 3, 5 4.00
2, 3 2.50 4, 5 4.50
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
f
1.50 1 0.10
2.00 1 0.10
2.50 2 0.20
3.00 2 0.20
3.50
2 0.20
4.00
1 0.10
4.50
1 0.10
Total
10 1.00
 Compute the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample means

1.50 0.10 0.15 - 1.50 2.25 0.225

2.00 0.10 0.20 - 1.00 1.00 0.100
2.50 0.20 0.50 - 0.50 0.25 0.050
3.00 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.000
3.50 0.20 0.70 0.50 0.25 0.050
4.00 0.10
0.40 1.00 1.00 0.100 𝜎 𝑥 = √ 0.75
4.50 0.10
0.45 1.50 2.25 0.225 𝜎 𝑥 ≈ 0.87

𝝈 =∑ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 ) · ( 𝑿 −𝝁 ) =¿¿ 0.75
𝝁 𝒙 =¿ 3.00 𝟐 𝟐
Example 2.
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose
samples of size 3 are drawn from this population. Describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means. What is the mean,
variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
Compare these values to the mean and variance of the
population.

Solution:

𝝁=𝟑 . 𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝝈 =𝟐 .𝟎𝟎 𝝈=𝟏 . 𝟒𝟏
Determine the number of possible samples of size 3.
N=5 n=3

5 C3  10 There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be

drawn.

List all possible samples and their corresponding means.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Samples Mean Samples Mean
1, 2, 3 2.00 1, 4, 5 3.33
1, 2, 4 2.33 2, 3, 4 3.00
1, 2, 5 2.67 2, 3, 5 3.33
1, 3, 4 2.67 2, 4, 5 3.67
1, 3, 5 3.00 3, 4, 5 4.00
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
f
2.00 1 0.10
2.33 1 0.10
2.67 2 0.20
3.00 2 0.20
3.33
2 0.20
3.67
1 0.10
4.00
1 0.10
Total
10 1.00
 Compute the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample means

2.00 0.10 0.200 - 1.00 1.0000 0.1000

2.33 0.10 0.233 - 0.67 0.4489 0.0449
2.67 0.20 0.534 - 0.33 0.1089 0.0218
3.00 0.20 0.600 0.00 0.0000 0.0000
3.33 0.20 0.666 0.33 0.1089 0.0218
3.67 0.10
0.367 0.67 0.4489 0.0449 𝜎 𝑥 = √ 0.33
4.00 0.10
0.400 1.00 1.0000 0.1000 𝜎 𝑥 ≈ 0.57

𝝈 =∑ 𝑷 ( 𝑿 ) · ( 𝑿 −𝝁 ) =¿¿ 0.33
𝝁 𝒙 =¿ 3.00 𝟐 𝟐
A finite population is one that consists of a fixed number of elements,
measurements, or observations; while an infinite population,
hypothetically at least, infinitely elements.
 Properties of the Sampling Distribution of
Sample Mean
If all possible sample of size n are drawn from a population of size
N with mean and variance , then
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to
the population mean .
𝝁 𝒙 =𝝁
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is given by

𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝝈 𝑵 −𝒏 𝟐 𝝈
𝝈 𝒙= · 𝝈 𝒙=
𝒏 𝑵 −𝟏 𝒏
finite population infinite population
 Properties of the Sampling Distribution of
Sample Mean
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution means is given
by

𝝈 where
𝝈𝒙= ·
𝑵 −𝒏
√ 𝒏 𝑵 −𝟏√
finite population
𝝈𝒙=
𝝈
√𝒏
infinite population
√ 𝑵−𝒏
𝑵 −𝟏
finite population
correction factor
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample
means is also known as the standard error of the mean.

It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean as an

estimate of the population mean .

A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of

the mean is small or close to zero, while a poor estimate, if
the standard error of the mean is large.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

If random samples of size n are drawn from a

population, then as n becomes larger, the sampling
distribution of the mean approaches the normal
distribution, regardless of the shape of the population
distribution.
 Describing the Sampling Distribution of Sample
Means from an Infinite Population
Example 1
A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of
5. A random sample of 16 is drawn from this population. Describe
the sampling distribution of the sample means by computing its
mean and standard deviation.

Given: 𝜇=60 𝜎 =5 𝑛=16

𝝈 5 5
𝝁 𝒙 =𝝁 𝝈𝒙= ¿ ¿
𝝁 𝒙 =𝟔𝟎
√𝒏 √ 16 4
𝝈 𝒙 =𝟏 . 𝟐𝟓