CHAPTER III Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Self-Learning Module for Grade 11
Mathematics
Statistics and Probability
CHAPTER III: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

LESSON 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
In Statistics, it is sometimes impossible to gather data from the entire population or

collection of objects being examined in the study but through the use of samples or
representatives of the population, researchers get a clearer picture of the whole group being
studied. The method of getting samples is called sampling where it needs not to be biased to
give justice to the group it represents. Random sampling is a method wherein each of the
members of the population has a chance of being taken as sample.
The Philippine High School has 5,000 senior students. Mr. Manalo, the principal,
wants to obtain information from the senior high students as to their plans after graduation.
A B C D 1. Principal Manalo writes all the names of the senior high school students on
small pieces of paper and draws 500 names to participate in the study. Which
random sampling technique does he apply?
A. cluster B. simple C. stratified D. systematic
A B C D 2. The principal creates a list of all senior high students, decides to survey
every tenth name on the list and later asks those students that are selected.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 3. Mr. Manalo divides the senior high students as to their grade level and
strand. He proportionately chooses students from each strand. Which random
sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 4. The principal divides the senior high school students depending on the
barangay where they live and randomly picks some of the barangays to
answer the questionnaire. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 5. All LRN of each senior high student are written in pieces of paper and
placed in a bowl. Mr. Manalo picks the samples based from the table of
numbers. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
1. Illustrates a random sampling.(M11/12SP-IIId-2)
2. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. (M11/12SP-IIId- 3)
3. Identifies sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean). (M11/12SP-IIId- 4)
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define sampling,
2. illustrate different sampling technique,
3. differentiate between parameter and statistic
4. identify sample mean
Procedure/Learning Experience
Match the word from column A to its definition in column B.
Column A Column B
____ 1. Simple a. methodical procedure

____ 2. Systematic b. to divide or arrange into classes
____ 3. Stratified c. a number of similar things that occur together
____ 4. Cluster d. having few parts; not complex
Since you are already familiar with random sampling words, identify the random
sampling used in each of the following situations. Choose from simple, systematic, stratified
and cluster.
______________ 1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of paper,
mixes the papers in a bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.
______________ 2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.
______________ 3. A researcher tells the class to count off, and then selects those
numbers that are multiple of 7.
______________ 4. A researcher separates the list from boys and girls then draws 7 names
per each gender.
______________ 5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected classes out
of 7 classes.
1. What is a random sampling?
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2. What are the different types of random sampling?

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3. How do they differ from one another?

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Let us analyze the situations given earlier.

1. A researcher writes the name of each student on a piece of paper, mixes the papers in a
bowl, and draws 7 pieces of paper.
Situation number 1 uses simple random sampling since the pieces of paper
represent the students as elements of the population. All of them have an equal chance of
being selected as samples and the method of selection involves picking those 7 pieces of
paper as samples.
2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.

3. A researcher tells the class to count off, and then selects those numbers that are multiple
of 7.
Situations number 2 and 3 apply systematic random sampling since samples are
being selected based from the kth consistent intervals. On these cases, 7th
names on the list
and multiple of 7 were the interval used.
4. A researcher separates the list from boys and girls then draws 7 names per each gender.
Situation number 4 uses stratified random sampling because the students are divided
into two different strata, boys and girls and then the selection of samples in each gender was
done.
5. A researcher surveys all students from 3 randomly selected classes out of 7 classes.
Situation number 5 practices cluster sampling since all students are divided into
clusters or classes and then the classes were randomly selected. All of the students in the
classes that were randomly selected are considered the samples of the study.
Random Sampling is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the population

wherein every sample has an equal chance of being selected.
There are different types of random sampling.

a. Simple random sampling is the most basic random sampling wherein elements are
usually represented by a number that are written on equal sized and shaped papers
and then selection of samples is possible through the lottery method. Drawing
number of paper is based from the desired number of sample.
b. Systematic random sampling is a random sampling which uses a list of all the
elements in the population and then elements are being selected based from the kth
consistent intervals. To get the kth interval, divide the population size by the sample
size.
c. Stratified random sampling is a random sampling wherein the population is divided

into different strata. Selection of samples will be proportionately randomly picked in
each stratum that is why all strata have representatives in forming the samples.
d. Cluster sampling is a random sampling wherein population is divided into clusters

and then the clusters is randomly selected. All elements of the clusters randomly
selected are considered the samples of the study.
Identify the random sampling method used in each item.

_______________1. You are given a list of all graduating students in your school. You
decide to survey every tenth name on the list and ask in which
organization they belong.
_______________2. You wish to make a comparison about the gender differences on
Mathematics performance. You divide the population into two groups,
male and female, and randomly pick respondents from each of the
gender.
_______________3. You assign numbers to the members of the population and then use
draw lots to obtain your samples.
_______________4. You randomly pick five out of fifteen barangays to where to conduct
your survey in your municipality or city.
_______________5. You write the names of each student in pieces of paper, shuffles and
then draw eight names.
Each of the 30 basketball high school teams has 12 players. The organizer wants to have a
quick survey to know the average height of the players.
A B C D 1. Each team will be asked to place papers with its players’ names into a
fishbowl and randomly drew out five names. The five names from each team
will be combined to make up the sample. Which of the following sampling
techniques is being used in this situation?
A. systematic B. stratified C. simple D. cluster
A B C D 2. The organizer will create a list of all players and they will be represented by
a number. Sixty numbers will be picked to know the samples. Which random
sampling technique did he apply?
A B C D 3. All players will be grouped according to their age and will proportionately
choose players to measure their height. Which random sampling technique
did he apply?
A B C D 4. The organizer created a list of all players, decided to survey every sixth
name on the list and later asked those players that were selected. Which
random sampling technique did he apply?
A B C D 5. Each player of the five teams that will be randomly chosen to answer the
question prior to the study. Which random sampling technique did he apply?
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The Philippine High School has 5,000 senior students. Mr. Manalo, the principal, wants to
obtain information from the senior high students as to their plans after graduation.
A B C D 1. Principal Manalo writes all the names of the senior high school students on
small pieces of paper and draws 500 names to participate in the study. Which
random sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 2. The principal creates a list of all senior high students, decides to survey
every tenth name on the list and later asks those students that are selected.
Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 3. Mr. Manalo divides the senior high students as to their grade level and
strand. He proportionately chooses students from each strand. Which random
sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 4. The principal divides the senior high school students depending on the
barangay where they live and randomly picks some of the barangays to
answer the questionnaire. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
A B C D 5. All LRN of each senior high student are written in pieces of paper and
placed in a bowl. Mr. Manalo picks the samples based from the table of
numbers. Which random sampling technique does he apply?
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LESSON 2: Parameter and Statistic
Most of the researches need numerical values to easily interpret results of the study.
Those values can be computed based from all the elements of the population or from the
randomly selected samples that were taken. They can be classified as to the different
measures parameter and statistic. Parameter and statistic is being computed through
different measures of central tendency and variability.
For numbers 1 and 2: The Philippine High School has 1,500 grade 10 students. Mr.
Manalo, the principal, wants to obtain information from the students as to the result of the
Mathematics part in NCAE. Based from 500 sample students surveyed, it was found out that
the mean falls on 65.80 in the said area.
A B C D 1. What do 1500 grade 10 students signify?

A. statistic C. population
B. sample D. parameter
A B C D 2. What does the value 65.80 denote?

A B C D 3. Which of the following is a statistic?

A. µ B. Loading…2 C. s2 D.
Loading…
A B C D 4. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10.

What is the value of the population mean?
A. 7 B. Loading… C. 8.3 D. 8.5

What is the value of the population variance?
A. 1.41 B. 2 C. 2.41 D. 4
1. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)

1. differentiate between parameter and statistic.
Below are the grades in Mathematics of grade 8 students during the third quarter.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77
POPULATION MEAN
The mean is the sum of the data divided by the number of figures. The mean is used to
describe where the set of data tend to concentrate at a certain point.
To compute for the population mean µ, we simply add all the data and divide it by number of
data (N). We apply the formula: µ = Loading…
where: µ = the population mean
∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
Loading… = number of elements in the population
Number x
1 94
2 85
3 88
4 79
5 78
6 75
7 89
8 91
9 84
10 77
∑x = 840
On our case, adding all the 10 numbers will give us a sum of 840.
We substitute to the formula µ = Loading…therefore, µ = Loading… = 84
Our computed population mean µ is 84.
POPULATION VARIANCE AND POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

Variance and standard deviation determine how spread or scattered the set of data is.
To compute for the population variance Loading…2, we apply the formula: Loading…2 =
Loading…
where: x = given data
µ = the population mean
To compute for the population standard deviationLoading…, we use the formula: Loading…
= Loading…
µ = the population mean
As you would notice, the population standard deviation is simply the square root of the
population variance.
To solve for the variance and standard deviation, we have this table:
Number x Loading… Loading…
1 94 94 – 84 = 10 102 = 100
2 85 85 – 84 = 1 12 = 1
3 88 88 – 84 = 4 42 = 16
4 79 79 – 84 = – 5 52 = 25
5 78 78 – 84 = – 6 62 = 36
6 75 75 – 84 = – 9 92 = 81
7 89 89 – 84 = 5 52 = 25
8 91 91 – 84 = 7 72 = 49
9 84 84 – 84 = 0 02 = 0
10 77 77 – 84 = 7 72 = 49
∑x = 840 Loading… = 382
The third column is computed through subtracting the mean from scores, while the fourth
column is computed by squaring the third column. Since there is a symbol Loading… or
summation, we need to add the computed values.
Again, for the population mean,

µ = Loading…= Loading… = 84
For the population variance, that is
Loading…2 = Loading… = Loading…= 38.2
For the population standard deviation, we write

Loading… = Loading… = Loading… = Loading… Loading… 6.18
Population mean µ, population varianceLoading…2 and population standard deviation

Loading… are what we called parameters.
Let us now compute for the sample mean, sample variance and sample standard deviation.
Assume that the encircled are data that are randomly selected from the population.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77
SAMPLE MEAN
The sample mean x is the average of all the data selected from the population.
To compute for the sample mean x, we simply add all the data and divide it by number of
samples (n). We apply the formula: x = Loading…
where: x = the sample mean
∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures)
Loading… = number of samples
Number Population grade Sample grade

1 94 94
2 85
3 88 88
4 79 79
5 78
6 75
7 89 89
8 91 91
9 84 84
10 77 77
∑x = 840 ∑x = 602
On our case, adding the 7 samples will give us a sum of 602.

We substitute to the formula x = Loading…therefore, x = Loading… = 86.
Our computed sample mean x is 86.
On this example, there is a slight difference between the population mean and the sample
mean. But notice that there is no difference regarding the method in determining the value of
the population mean and the sample mean. The divisor is the only difference since the
population mean µ uses N (population size) while sample mean x applies n (sample size).
SAMPLE VARIANCE AND SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION
To compute for the sample variance Loading…2, we apply the formula: 𝑠2 = Loading…
x = the sample mean
To compute for the sample standard deviation s, we use the formula: Loading… = Loading…
x = the sample mean
As you would notice, the sample standard deviation is simply the square root of the sample
variance.
Sample
Number Population Grade Loading… Loading…
Grade
1 94 94 94 – 86 = 8 82 = 64
2 85
3 88 88 88 – 86 = 2 22 = 4
4 79 79 79 – 86 = – 7 – 72 = 49
5 78
6 75
7 89 89 89 – 86 = 3 32 = 9
8 91 91 91 – 86 = 5 52 = 25
9 84 84 84 – 86 = – 2 – 22 = 4
10 77 77 77 – 86 = – 9 – 92 = 81
∑x = 840 ∑x = 602 Loading… = 236
The third column is computed through subtracting the mean from the grades, while the fourth
column is computed by squaring the third column. Since there is a symbol Loading… or
summation, we need to add the computed values.
Again, for the sample mean is
x = Loading…= Loading… = 86
For the sample variance, that is

𝑠2 = Loading… = Loading…
For the sample standard deviation, we have

Loading… = Loading… = Loading… Loading… Loading… 5.81
Sample mean x, sample variance s2 and sample standard deviation s are what we called
statistic.
Remember that parameters are for population while statistics are for sample.
1. What is parameter? What is statistic?
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2. How do they differ from one another?
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3. How do we get the population mean? population variance? population standard deviation?
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4. How do we get the sample mean? sample variance? sample standard deviation?
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The grades show below in Mathematics of grade 8 students during the third quarter is our
population.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77
Through the process we undertook, we were able to compute for the following:
the population mean,
µ = Loading…= Loading… = 84
the population variance,

Loading…2 = Loading… = Loading…= 38.2
the population standard deviation,

Loading… = Loading… = Loading… = Loading… Loading… 6.18
Population mean µ, population varianceLoading…2 and population standard deviation

Loading… are what we called parameters.
A parameter is a measure that is used to describe the population. Population mean µ,

population varianceLoading…2 and population standard deviation Loading… are some of the
examples of parameter. They are usually denoted by Greek letters.
While for our assume data that are randomly selected from the population are classified as
samples.
94 85 88 79 78
75 89 91 84 77
Through our randomly selected samples, we were able to solve for the following the sample
mean,
x = Loading…= Loading… = 86
the sample variance,
𝑠2 = Loading… = Loading…
the sample standard deviation,
Loading… = Loading… = Loading… Loading… Loading… 5.81
Sample mean x, sample variance s2 and sample standard deviation s are what we called
statistic.
A statistic is a measure that is used to describe the sample. Sample mean x, sample
variance s2 and sample standard deviation s are some of the examples of statistic. They are
usually denoted by Roman letters.
I. The IQ of 8 grade one students are given below:

80 128 95 114
125 130 107 100
Complete the table and compute for the population mean, population variance, population
standard deviation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
∑x = Loading… =
Write you computations here:
population mean population variance population standard

deviation
II. The scores of the 7 randomly selected students are given below:
35 15 22 38
17 31 27
Complete the table and compute for the sample mean, sample variance, sample standard
deviation.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
∑x = Loading… =
Write you computations here:

sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation
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For numbers 1 and 2: The Philippine High School has 1,500 grade
10 students. Mr. Manalo, the principal, wants to obtain information from the students as to
the result of the Mathematics part in NCAE. Based from 500 sample students surveyed, it
was found out that the mean falls on 65.80 in the said area.
A B C D 1. What do 1500 grade 10 students signify?
A B C D 2. What does the value 65.80 denote?

A B C D 3. Which of the following is a statistic?

A. µ B. Loading…2 C. s2 D.
Loading…
What is the value of the population mean?
A. 7 B. Loading… C. 8.3 D. 8.5

What is the value of the population variance?
A. 1.41 B. 2 C. 2.41 D. 4
LESSON 3: Sampling Distribution of Means
If the number of elements of the population is too many, it will be extremely hard for
the researchers to collect all data from the group. In some cases, we need to use random
sampling to get appropriate statistic from the samples to draw conclusion that would
represent the population but there can be numerous different set of possible samples of the
same size that can be drawn from a given population. Sampling distribution shows all the
possible samples together with their mean. It describes the probability for each mean of all
samples with the same sample size n.
For numbers 1-5, a population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

A B C D 1. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
A B C D 2. Which of the following sample means is the most frequent in the sampling
distribution of sample means?
A. 1.5 B. 2 C. 2.5 D. 3
A B C D 3. What is the probability of the sample mean 3.5 in the sampling distribution
of sample means?
A. Loading… B.Loading… C. Loading… D. Loading…
A B C D 4. What is the lowest value of the sample mean in this sampling distribution?
A. 0 B. 1.5 C. 2 D. 2.5
A B C D 5. Which of the following histogram correctly shows the sampling distribution
of sample means of size n = 2?
A. C.
0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

B. D.
0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1. Finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
(M11/12SP-IIId-5)
1. differentiate between parameter and statistic.
Review: Evaluate the following combination of n objects taken at a time.

__________ 1. 4C2
__________ 2. 6C2
__________ 3. 5C3
A population consists of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Let us list all possible samples of size
3 from this population and compute the mean of each sample. Complete the table.
Observation Sample Mean
1 1, 2, 3 (1 + 2+ 3) ÷ 3 = 6 ÷ 3 = 2
2 1, 2, 4 2.33
3 1, 2, 5
4 1, 3, 4
5 1, 3, 5
6 1, 4, 5
7 2, 3, 4
8 2, 3, 5
9 2, 4, 5
10 3, 4, 5
There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given population.
To get this, we apply the formula for combination of N taken n at a time NCn where N is the
size of the population and n is the sample size.
Then, let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. This is now the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency
2 1
2.33 1
2.67 2
3 2
3.33 2
3.67 1
4 1
A sampling distribution of the sample means is the frequency distribution table using the
computed sample means from all the possible random samples of a particular sample size
taken from the given population.
Since we have 10 possible outcomes, for the probability, the denominator will be 10 and the
number on the numerator part will be the number of frequency.
Sample Means Frequency Probability P(x)

2 1 Loading… = 0.10
2.33 1 Loading… = 0.10
2.67 2 Loading… = 0.20
3 2 Loading… = 0.20
3.33 2 Loading… = 0.20
3.67 1 Loading… = 0.10
4 1 Loading… = 0.10
To create a histogram, the sample means will be placed on the x-axis while the probability
will be placed on the y-axis.
1. What is sampling distribution of sample means?

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2. How are we going to create a sampling distribution of sample means? What are the
steps?
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3. How are we going to create a histogram of the sampling distribution of sample means?
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A sampling distribution of the sample means is the frequency distribution table using the
computed sample means from all the possible random samples of a particular sample size
taken from the given population.
Phases to make the sampling distribution of the sample means:

1. Determine the number of set of all possible random samples that can be drawn from the
given population by using the formula NCn where
N is the population
size and n is the sample
size.
2. List all the possible random samples and solve for the sample mean of each set of
samples.
3. Construct a frequency distribution table of the sample means indicating its number of
occurrence or the frequency and together with its probability.
I. A population consists of the values (1, 4, 3, 2). Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.
a. List down all the possible samples and corresponding sample mean.
Observation Samples Sample Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Observation Sample Mean Frequency Probability P(x)
1
2
3
4
5
6
c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.
II. Coren was able to sell numbers of pairs of shoes which have sizes of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
Consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this population.
a. List down all the possible samples and corresponding sample mean.
Observation Samples Sample Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Observation Sample Mean Frequency Probability P(x)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

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For numbers 1-5, a population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

A B C D 1. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
A B C D 2. Which of the following sample means is the most frequent in the sampling
distribution of sample means?
A. 1.5 B. 2 C. 2.5 D. 3
A B C D 3. What is the probability of the sample mean 3.5 in the sampling distribution
of sample means?
A. Loading… B.Loading… C. Loading… D. Loading…
A B C D 4. What is the lowest value of the sample mean in this sampling distribution?
A. 0 B. 1.5 C. 2 D. 2.5
A B C D 5. Which of the following histogram correctly shows the sampling distribution
of sample means of size n = 2?
A. C.
0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
B. D.
0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1. List all possible samples and solve for each mean.
2. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
3. Draw a histogram for the sampling distribution of the sample means.
LESSON 4: Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling

Distribution of Means
Statisticians do not just describe the variation of the individual data values about the
mean of the population. They are also interested to know how the means of the samples of
the same size taken from the same population vary about the population mean. In this
lesson, you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the sample means by
computing its means and variance.
A population consists of the five (5) measurements 2, 3, 6, 5, and 7.
A B C D 1. What is the mean?

A. 3.44 B. 4. 60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92
A B C D 2. What is the variance of the population?

A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92
A B C D 3. How many different samples of size n=2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
A B C D 4. What is the mean μx of the sampling distribution of the means?

A. 3.44 B. 5.20 C. 4.60 D. 4.92
A B C D 5. What is the variance of the sampling distribution?

A. 3.90 B. 0.89 C. 2.20 D. 1.29
1. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)
1. solve for the mean and variance of sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are

drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.
1. What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
2. Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.
Illustration Steps
1.
µ = Loading… = Loading… = 3.00
2.
2
x x-µ (x-µ)
1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
Σ(x- µ)2=10
So, the variance of the population is 2.

Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2. 3.
5C2 = 10
So there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.
4.
Samples Mean
1,2 1.5
1,3 2.0
1,4 2.5
1,5 3.0
2,3 2.5
2,4 3.0
2,5 3.5
3,4 3.5
3,5 4.0
4,5 4.5
5.
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
P
1.5 1 1/10
2.0 1 1/10
2.5 2 1/5
3.0 2 1/5
3.5 2 1/5
4.0 1 1/10
4.5 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00
6.
Sample Probability
Mean P • P
1.5 1/10 0.15

2.0 1/10 0.20
2.5 1/5 0.50
3.0 1/5 0.60
3.5 1/5 0.70
4.0 1/10 0.40
4.5 1/10 0.45
Total 1.00 3.00
7.
Sample Probability Mean-µ
Mean (Mean-µ)2 Probability•((Mean-µ)2
P
1.5 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225
2.0 1/10 -1.0 1.00 0.100
2.5 1/5 -0.5 0.25 0.050
3.0 1/5 0.0 0.00 0.000
3.5 1/5 0.25 0.25 0.050
4.0 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
4.5 1/10 2.25 2.25 0.225
Total 1.00 0.750
So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75
1. What are the steps that you identified in the previous activity?
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2. How do you compare mean of the sample means and the mean of the population?
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3. How do you compare variance of the sample means and the variance of the population?
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Illustration Steps
1. Compute the
µ = Loading… = Loading… = 3.00 mean of the
population.
2. Compute the
x x-µ (x-µ) 2 variance of the
1 -2 4 population.
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
Σ(x- µ)2=10
σ2 = Σ(x- µ)2/ N

= 10 / 5
=2
So, the variance of the population is 2.
Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2. 3. Determine the

number of possible
5C2 = 10 samples of size n =
2.
So there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.
4. List all possible

Samples Mean samples and their
1,2 1.5 corresponding
1,3 2.0 means.
1,4 2.5
1,5 3.0
2,3 2.5
2,4 3.0
2,5 3.5
3,4 3.5
3,5 4.0
4,5 4.5
5. Construct the
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means sampling distribution
Sample Mean Frequency Probability of the sample
P means.
1.5 1 1/10
2.0 1 1/10
2.5 2 1/5
3.0 2 1/5
3.5 2 1/5
4.0 1 1/10
4.5 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00
Sample Mean Probability 6. Compute the

P P mean of the
sampling distribution
of the sample
1.5 1/10 0.15 means. Follow these
2.0 1/10 0.20 steps:
2.5 1/5 0.50 a. Multiply the
3.0 1/5 0.60 sample mean by the
3.5 1/5 0.70 corresponding
4.0 1/10 0.40 probability.
4.5 1/10 0.45 b. Add the results.
Total 1.00 3.00
7. Compute the
Sample Probability Mean-µ variance of the
Mean P (Mean-µ)2 Probability•((Mean-µ)2 sampling distribution
of the sample
means. Follow these
1.5 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225 steps:
2.0 1/10 -1.0 1.00 0.100 a. Subtract the
2.5 1/5 -0.5 0.25 0.050 population mean
3.0 1/5 0.0 0.00 0.000 from each sample
3.5 1/5 0.25 0.25 0.050 mean.
4.0 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
4.5 1/10 2.25 2.25 0.225 b. Square the
difference.
Total 1.00 0.750
c. Multiply the results
So, the variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75
by the corresponding
probability.
d. Add the results.
Based from the previous activity, the mean of the population is equal to the sample
means. This happens because all samples obtained of n size came from the same
population. The variance of the population is greater than the variance of the sample means,
since a sample of n is less than the population N then the data vary by a small amount as
compared to population.
The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the mean. ... Given a population with a finite mean μ and a finite non-zero
variance σ2, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal
distribution with a mean of μ and a variance of σ2/N as N, the sample size, increases.
1. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the population.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. List all samples of size 3 and compute the mean for each sample.
Sample Mean
3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
4. Calculate the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to the
mean of the population.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Calculate the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to
the variance of the population.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
A population consists of the five (5) measurements 2, 3, 6, 5, and 7.
A B C D 1. What is the mean?

A. 3.44 B. 4. 60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92
A B C D 2. What is the variance of the population?

A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92
A B C D 3. How many different samples of size n=2 can be drawn from the
population?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
A B C D 4. What is the mean μx of the sampling distribution of the means?

A. 3.44 B. 5.20 C. 4.60 D. 4.92
A B C D 5. What is the variance of the sampling distribution?

A. 3.90 B. 0.89 C. 2.20 D. 1.29
LESSON 5: Central Limit Theorem
Many common statistical procedures require data to be approximately normal to

roughly follow the bell curve. But what happens when you have a population that is just not
normal?
Answer the following questions by shading the letter of the correct answer from the
choices below.
A B C D 1. If a population has a mean of 12.8, what is the mean of the sampling
distribution?
A. Less than 12.8 C. closer to 12.8
B. Larger than 12.8 D. Exactly the same as 12.8
A B C D 2. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 6.5, which of the
following best describes the population mean?
A. The population is greater than 6.5
B. The population decreases by 6.5
C. The population mean is also equal to 6.5.
D. The population mean and mean of the sampling distribution of the
means cannot be compared
A B C D 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Central Limit

Theorem?
A. The population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means are equal.
B. If you take repeatedly independent random samples of size n from any
population, then when n is large, the distribution of the sample means will
approach a normal distribution.
C. The central limit theorem tells us exactly what the shape of the
distribution of the means will be when we draw repeated samples from a
given population.
D. The mean of the sampling distributions of the means, standard deviation
of the sampling distribution of the means and variance is the same as the
population mean, variance of the population and standard deviation.
A B C D 4. Consider the population consisting of values (2, 4, 6). List all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement.
A. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}
B. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6) ,(4,2),(4,4),(4,6)}
C. {(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)
D. {2,4,6}
A B C D 5. If the population has a variance of 4.6, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was derived with sample
size n = 2 and all possible samples are drawn with replacements?
A. 19.22 B. 21.16 C. 10.58 D. 2.3
1. Illustrate the central limit theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)

2. Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit
Theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-3)

1. Illustrate the central limit theorem.
2. Use central limit theorem in defining the sample distribution of the sample mean
WORD PUZZLE: Circle the word or group of words that look familiar to you. The words
can be read forward, backward upward, downward or diagonally.
D E V I A T I O N C
G C Z T D E F C A E
R I A I J B A R E N
A D N O S E P R M T
P S A M P L E V M R
H N O R M A L E U A
P O P U L A T I O N
H E C N A I R A V Y
Z S T A N D A R D B
L I M I T T A B L E
Z M E R O E H T X Y
1. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of its means if a population has means
of means of 7.2?
Answer: Remember that the population mean and the mean of the sampling
distribution of its
means are always equal (Loading…, therefore the answer is 7.2.
2. What is the mean of the population if the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means is 7.16?
Answer: The population mean is equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means,
therefore the answer is the same as 7.16
3. If a population has a a variance of 4.17, what is the variance of the sampling

distribution of the means? The sampling distribution has a sample size of 2 and all
samples are drawn with replacement.
Answer: The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the variance
of the population divided by the sample size n. therefore:
Loading… = Loading…
= Loading…
= 2.085
4. If the population standard deviation is 4.2, what is the standard deviation of the
sampling of the distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was derived with
sample size n=4 and all possible samples were drawn with replacements?
Answer: The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means is equal to
the
standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the
sample size n.
therefore:
Loading…
= Loading…
= Loading…
= 2.1
As the sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the mean (Loading…), can be
approximated by a normal distribution with mean Loading…) and standard deviation
Loading… . It means that if the sample size n is randomly selected from a population with
mean Loading… and variance σ2, the sampling distribution of the sample means will
approach a normal distribution even when the original population is not normally distributed,
as long as the sample size n is sufficiently large.
Let us consider this example.

Illustrative Example: Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
A. Compute for the following:
1. population mean,
2. population variance and
3. population standard deviation.
Solution:
1. Get the mean by the formula Loading…
where Loading… – population mean
Loading… sum of all the terms in x
N - sample size
Loading… Substitute
= Loading… Add each term of the sample divided by the sample size
= Loading… Simplify
Loading… = 3.5 population mean
2. To solve for the population variance, subtract each mean by the population mean
and square the result.
1-3.5 = -2.5 (2.5)2 = (2.5)(2.5) = 6.25
2-3.5 = -1.5 (-1.5)2 = (-1.5)(-1.5) = 2.25
3-3.5 = -0.5 (-0.5)2 = (-0.5)(-0.5)= 0.25
4-3.5 = 0.5 (0.5)2 = (0.5)(0.5) = 0.25
5-3.5 = 1.5 (1.5)2 = (1.5)(1.5) = 2.25
6-3.5 = 2.5 (2.5)2 = (2.5)(2.5) = 6 .25
Loading… (x -Loading…2 = 17.5
Using the formula to solve the population variance
σ2 = Loading… Substitute to the formula

= Loading…
σ2 = 0.833… population variance
3. To solve for the population standard deviation use the formula,

σ = Loading…
= Loading…
= Loading…
σ = 0.913 population standard deviation
AN ILLUSTRATION OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF OBSERVATION
1 2 3 4 5 6
Mean
The illustration above is curve of normal distribution. Below, is an example of abnormal
distribution, it is very unlikely to happen that when there will be an equal chance of getting 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in an observation.
The probability histogram of the population is shown above. Here n = 1. Since there
are 6 possible outcomes and each sample will have a chance of occurring once, then the
probability is Loading… .
To further understand these concepts, tables are very useful. Taking them one at a
time makes it easier to see how each data reveal its value.
x-
Observation x (x -Loading…2 P (X=x)
Loading
1 1 -2.5 6.25 Loading…
2 2 -1.5 2.25 Loading…
3 3 -0.5 0.25 Loading…
4 4 0.5 0.25 Loading…
5 5 1.5 2.25 Loading…
6 6 2.5 6.25 Loading…
Loading… (x-
Loading… Loading…2= 17.5 Loading…
The population mean Loading… can also be obtained using probabilities. Using the
formula: Loading…
where, Loading…
P(x) – probability that the sample will occur
Loading…
= 21 (Loading…) Substitute and simplify
Loading… = 3.5
Illustrative Example 2. How about when you take them two at a time or the sample size n =
2. It will give us another set of observations. Now, consider all the possible samples of size 2
that can be drawn with replacement from the population 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Compute the following:
1. Mean of the sampling distribution of the means

2. Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
3. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means
4. Illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.
The table below summarizes the information to answer the preceding questions. Complete
this information to answer questions 1-3.
Mean Loading Mean Loading
Loading Loading
Obser Sampl ( - Obser Sampl ( -
- -
vation e Loading Loading vation e Loading Loading
Loading 2 Loading 2
) )
1 (1,1) 1 -2.5 6.25 19 (4,1) 2.5 -1 1
2 (1,2) 1.5 -2 4 20 (4,2) 3 -0.5 0.25
3 (1,3) 2 -1.5 2.25 21 (4,3) 3.5 0 0
4 (1,4) 2.5 -1 1 22 (4,4) 4 0.5 0.25
5 (1,5) 3 -0.5 0.25 23 (4,5) 4.5 1 1
6 (1,6) 3.5 0 0 24 (4,6) 5 1.5 2.25
7 (2,1) 1.5 -2 4 25 (5,1) 3 -0.5 0.25
8 (2,2) 2 -1.5 2.25 26 (5,2) 3.5 0 0
9 (2,3) 2.5 -1 1 27 (5,3) 4 0.5 0.25
10 (2,4) 3 -0.5 0.25 28 (5,4) 4.5 1 1
11 (2,5) 3.5 0 0 29 (5,5) 5 1.5 2.25
12 (2,6) 4 0.5 0.25 30 (5,6) 5.5 2 4
13 (3,1) 2 -1.5 2.25 31 (6,1) 3.5 0 0
14 (3,2) 2.5 -1 1 32 (6,2) 4 0.5 0.25
15 (3,3) 3 -0.5 0.25 33 (6,3) 4.5 1 1
16 (3,4) 3.5 0 0 34 (6,4) 5 1.5 2.25
17 (3,5) 4 0.5 0.25 35 (6,5) 5.5 2 4
18 (3,6) 4.5 1 1 36 (6,6) 6 2.5 6.25
Total 49.5 26.25 76.5 26.25
Therefore, Loading…; N = 36, Loading… -Loading…2 = 52.5

To solve for the next column after finding the meanLoading…, Loading…-Loading…
and Loading… -Loading…2, solve for Loading… .
Solution:
Loading… Mean of the sampling distribution formula
= Loading… Substitute Loading… and N = 36
= Loading… Simplify
= 3.5 Mean of the sampling distribution
Take note that the population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution are
equal Loading…
2. Loading… = Loading… Variance of the sampling distribution of the

means formula
= Loading… Substitute Loading… (x-Loading…2=52.5, and simplify
Loading… = 1.46 Variance of the sampling distribution of the
means
. Loading… = Loading…
3 Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
means
formula
= Loading… Substitute, Loading… (x-Loading…2=52.5; N=
36
Loading… = 1.21 Standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the means
Sampling Distribution of Loading… with Replacement (n = 2)

Loading… f Probability P(x)
Loading… =
1 1
.0277
Loading… =
1.5 2
.0566
Loading… =
2 3
.0833
Loading… =
2.5 3
0.0833
Loading… =
3 6
0.1666
Loading… =
3.5 6
0.1666
Loading… =
4 5
0.1388
Loading… =
4.5 4
0.1111
Loading… =
5 3
0.0833
Loading… =
5.5 2
0.0555
Loading… =
6 1
0.0277
4. To illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the
means the table of Sampling Distribution of Loading… with Replacement (n = 2) can
be useful.
If you are going to look closely at the histogram, the shape of the curve as represented by
the graph is coming closer and approximately similar to the normal distribution curve
compared to the first histogram where the sample size is 1. Remember that the graph only
considers the sample size of 2.
1. What do you think will happen to the graph when the sample size is 3? 4? 5? 6?
2. What do you think is the mean of the sampling distribution of the means? Will it be
different from the population mean of 3.5? Or will it be the same?
3. If the sample size increases, what do you think will happen to the probability
histogram of the sampling distribution of the means?
4.
A. Read and answer the following questions independently. Show your solution
if necessary.
1. If the population mean is 12.45, what is the mean of the sampling distribution of its
means?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. If the mean of the sampling distribution is 24.29, what is the mean of the population?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. If a population has a variance of 6.4, what is the variance of the sampling distribution of
the means if the sample size is 4 and all the possible samples are drawn with
replacements?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. If the population has a standard deviation of 9.4, what is the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of its means? The sampling distribution was derived with sample size
n=3, and all the possible samples were drawn with replacements.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. If the population standard deviation is 5.6, what is the population variance?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
B. Samples of size n were randomly selected from populations with means and
variances given below. In each case, find the mean and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the means
1. n = 4 Loading… σ2 = 3
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. n = 7 Loading… σ2 = 2
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. n = 16 Loading… σ2 = 6
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. n = 22 Loading… σ2 = 4.5
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. n = 44 Loading… σ2 = 9.6
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
C. Consider a population consisting of values (1,3,5).

1. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population with
replacement.
2. Compute for the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Compute for the variance of the sampling distribution of the means.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Compute for the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Construct the probability histogram of means with replacements when n = 2.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Answer the following questions by shading the letter of the correct

answer from the choices below.
A B C D 1. If a population has a mean of 12.8, what is the mean of the sampling
distribution?
A. Less than 12.8 C. closer to 12.8
B. Larger than 12.8 D. Exactly the same as 12.8
A B C D 2. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 6.5, which of the
following best describes the population mean?
A. The population is greater than 6.5
B. The population decreases by 6.5
C. The population mean is also equal to 6.5.
D. The population mean and mean of the sampling distribution of the
means cannot be compared
A B C D 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about Central Limit

Theorem?
A. The population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means are equal.
B. If you take repeatedly independent random samples of size n from any
population, then when n is large, the distribution of the sample means will
approach a normal distribution.
C. The central limit theorem tells us exactly what the shape of the
distribution of the means will be when we draw repeated samples from a
given population.
D. The mean of the sampling distributions of the means, standard deviation
of the sampling distribution of the means and variance is the same as the
population mean, variance of the population and standard deviation.
A B C D 4. Consider the population consisting of values (2, 4, 6). List all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement.
A. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}
B. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6) ,(4,2),(4,4),(4,6)}
C. {(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)
D. {2,4,6}
A B C D 5. If the population has a variance of 4.6, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was derived with sample
size n = 2 and all possible samples are drawn with replacements?
A. 19.22 B. 21.16 C. 10.58 D. 2.3
1. A population consists of the three numbers (3, 5, 7). Make a table and compute for
the following: (a) Population mean, (b) Population variance and (c) Population
standard deviation.
(x -
Observation x x-Loading… P (X=x)
Loading…2
1 3
2 5
3 7
2. A population consists of the four numbers (2, 3, 5). Consider all possible samples of
size 2 that can be drawn with replacement from this population. Find the following:
a. The mean of the population
b. The standard deviation of the population
c. The mean of the sampling distribution of means
d. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.
e. Illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the means
Complete the table below.
Mean Loading…- Loading… -
Observation Sample
(Loading…) Loading… Loading…2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total
LESSON 6: Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distributions
of the Sample Mean
In the previous topics, you have learned how to use the normal distribution to gain
information about an individual data value obtained from population. In this lesson, you will
use the sampling distribution of the mean to obtain information about the sample mean.
A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means

computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population. The
probability distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
Read each statement carefully. Blacken/Shade the circle with the corresponding
letter that corresponds to the best answer.
For numbers 1 and 2, refer to the problem below. Use the Table of Areas under the Normal
Curve also known as z – Table for the probabilities.
A B C D 1. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will have an IQ of

115 and
above?
A. 20.87% B. 15.87% C. 10.87% D. 5.87%
A B C D 2. How many students have an IQ from 85 to 120?
A. 200 B. 210 C. 215 D. 225
For numbers 3 and 4, refer to the problem below.

A B C D 3. If a single egg is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.3707 B. 0.8523 C. 0.4562 D. 0.1258
A B C D 4. If a sample of 25 eggs is selected, what is the probability that the mean of
the sample will be larger than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.1932 B. 0.2241 C. 0.0475 D. 0.1556
A B C D 5. Two out of five adult smokers acquired the habit by age 14. If 400 smokers
are randomly selected, find the probability that 170 or more acquired the habit
by age 14.
A. 0.8907 B. 0.166 C. 0.4156 D. 0.287
1. Solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean

(M11/12SP-IIIe-f-1)
1. solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.
a. What is the probability that a randomly

selected mango will weigh less than 1.5 kilos?
b. A potential importer intends to take a sample

of 4 mangoes and will not place an order if the
sample mean is less than 1.5 kilos. What is the
probability that the importer will not place an
order?
1. When do you use these formulas?

● z = Loading…
_________________________________________________________________________
● z = Loading…
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is the probability of individual data from a population larger than the probability of
sample data?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
z = Loading… is used when dealing with an individual data obtained from the
population.
z = Loading… is used when dealing with data about the sample means.
Individual values are more variable than sample means.
The use of the two formulas in problem solving will be discussed here in the given problems.
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain examination is
46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed.
(a) What is the probability that a randomly selected college student will complete the
examination in less 43 minutes?
To answer the problem, follow the steps:
Step 1. Identify the given information:

Loading… = 46.2
Loading… = 8
X = 43
Step 2. Identify what is asked for:

P(X ˂ 43)
Step 3. Identify the formula to be used:

The problem is dealing with an individual data obtained from the population
so the formula to be used is z = Loading… to standardize 43.
Step 4. Solve the problem:
z = Loading…
= Loading…
= - 0.40
Find P(XLoading… 43) by getting the area under the normal curve.
P(X˂ 43) = P(z ˂ -0.40)
= 0.5000 – 0.1554
= 0.3446
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected college student will
complete the examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.3446 or 34.46%
(b) If 50 randomly selected college students take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the group to complete the test will be less
than 43 minutes?
Step 1: Identify the given information:

Loading…= 46.2
Loading… = 8
Loading… = 43
Loading…= 50
Step 2: Identify what is asked.

P(Loading… ˂ 43)
Step 3: Identify the formula to be used.

The problem is dealing with data about the sample means, so the formula to
be used to standardize 43 is z = Loading…
Step 4: Solve the problem:

z = Loading…
= Loading…
= - 2.83
Find P(Loading… ˂ 43) by getting the

area under the normal curve.
P(Loading… ˂ 43) = P(z ˂ -2.83)
= 0.5000 – 0.4977
= 0.0023
The probability that 50 randomly selected college students will complete the test in
less than 43 minutes is 0.0023 or 0.23%
In the two problems presented and solved, the probability of (a) is larger than (b)
because individual values are more variable than the sample means.
1. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of certain brand of ice
cream is 660 mg and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed.
(a) If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol content will
be more than 670 mg?
Step 1:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 2:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 3:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 4:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(b) If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the mean of
the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
Step1:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 2:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 3:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Step 4:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Read each statement carefully. Blacken/Shade the circle with the corresponding letter that
corresponds to the best answer.
For numbers 1 and 2, refer to the problem below. Use the Table of Areas under the Normal
Curve also known as z – Table for the probabilities.
A B C D 1. What is the probability that a randomly selected student will have an IQ of

115 and
above?
A. 20.87% B. 15.87% C. 10.87% D. 5.87%
A B C D 2. How many students have an IQ from 85 to 120?

A. 200 B. 210 C. 215 D. 225
For numbers 3 and 4, refer to the problem below.

A B C D 3. If a single egg is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.3707 B. 0.8523 C. 0.4562 D. 0.1258
A B C D 4. If a sample of 25 eggs is selected, what is the probability that the mean of

the sample will be larger than 220 milligrams?
A. 0.1932 B. 0.2241 C. 0.0475 D. 0.1556
A B C D 5. Two out of five adult smokers acquired the habit by age 14. If 400 smokers
are randomly selected, find the probability that 170 or more acquired the habit
by age 14.
A. 0.8907 B. 0.166 C. 0.4156 D. 0.287

CHAPTER III Sampling and Sampling Distribution

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CHAPTER III Sampling and Sampling Distribution

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Self-Learning Module for Grade 11

CHAPTER III: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

In Statistics, it is sometimes impossible to gather data from the entire population or

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Match the word from column A to its definition in column B.

____ 1. Simple a. methodical procedure

______________ 2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.

2. What are the different types of random sampling?

3. How do they differ from one another?

Let us analyze the situations given earlier.

2. A researcher selects every 7th students from a list.

Random Sampling is a sampling method of choosing representatives from the population

There are different types of random sampling.

c. Stratified random sampling is a random sampling wherein the population is divided

d. Cluster sampling is a random sampling wherein population is divided into clusters

Identify the random sampling method used in each item.

LESSON 2: Parameter and Statistic

A B C D 1. What do 1500 grade 10 students signify?

A B C D 2. What does the value 65.80 denote?

A B C D 3. Which of the following is a statistic?

A B C D 4. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10.

A B C D 5. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10.

1. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. ​(M11/12SP-IIId-2)

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Our computed population mean µ is 84.

POPULATION VARIANCE AND POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

Again, for the population mean,

For the population standard deviation, we write

Population mean µ, population varianceLoading…2 and population standard deviation

Number Population grade Sample grade

On our case, adding the 7 samples will give us a sum of 602.

For the sample variance, that is

For the sample standard deviation, we have

the population variance,

the population standard deviation,

Population mean µ, population varianceLoading…2 and population standard deviation

A parameter is a measure that is used to describe the population. Population mean µ,

I. The IQ of 8 grade one students are given below:

Write you computations here:

population mean population variance population standard

Write you computations here:

A B C D 2. What does the value 65.80 denote?

A B C D 3. Which of the following is a statistic?

A B C D 5. The following are scores of students: 9, 7, 8, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 7, 8, and 10.

LESSON 3: Sampling Distribution of Means

For numbers 1-5, a population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Review: Evaluate the following combination of n objects taken at a time.

Sample Means Frequency Probability P(x)

1. What is sampling distribution of sample means?

Phases to make the sampling distribution of the sample means:

b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

For numbers 1-5, a population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

LESSON 4: Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling

A population consists of the five (5) measurements 2, 3, 6, 5, and 7.

A B C D 1. What is the mean?

1. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. (M11/12SP-IIId-2)

A B C D 4. What is the mean μx of the sampling distribution of the means?

σ2 = Σ(x- µ)2/ N

Use the formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2. 3. Determine the

A B C D 4. What is the mean μx of the sampling distribution of the means?

1. Illustrate the central limit theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)

σ2 = Loading… Substitute to the formula

3. To solve for the population standard deviation use the formula,

Therefore, Loading…; N = 36, Loading… -Loading…2 = 52.5

a. What is the probability that a randomly