11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 4 -Module 6:
(Week 6)
POPULATION PROPORTION AND TEST
OF HYPOTHESIS ON
POPULATION PROPORTION
 What I Know

Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct answers to the given items. Write them
on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proportion?
A. represents probability
B. percentage expression
C. measure of central tendency
D. can be obtained from samples and population

_____2. The best point estimate of the population proportion is the ___.
A. critical value C. sample proportion
B. sample mean D. test statistic
_____3. Which of the following is a symbol of population proportion?
A. 𝑝 B. 𝑝̂ C. 𝑛 D. 𝑁
_____4. When x = 80 and n = 250, what is the value of 𝑝̂ ?
A. 0.233 B. 0.320 C. 0.640 D. 0.712

_____5. When x = 225 and n = 1568, what is the value of 𝑞̂ ?

A. 0.656 B. 0.704 C. 0.857 D. 0.952

B. Read each situation and perform the appropriate hypothesis testing for proportion
by supplying the answers to each given step. Round off your final answers to
three (3) decimal places.
A school administrator claims that less than 50% of the students of the school
are dissatisfied by the community cafeteria service. Test this claim by using
sample data obtained from a survey of 500 students at the school where 54%
indicated their dissatisfaction of the community cafeteria. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Solution:
Step 1:Statistical H0 :
Hypotheses and H1 :
Direction of Test Statistical Test :
Direction of Test :
Step 2: Level of Significance 𝛼 :
and Critical Value 𝑧𝐶𝑉 :
Step 3: Test Statistic 𝑧𝑇𝑉 :

Step 4: Normal curve

Step 5: Findings and

Decision
Step 6: Interpretation

Step 7: Conclusion

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 Lesson
1
Sample and Population Proportion

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o determine the characteristics of proportion;
o compute sample proportion, and
o estimate population proportion using the sample proportion.

What’s In

Population and sample are two important concepts in hypothesis testing. Study the
differences between them using the table below.

Table 1: Population versus Sample

Population
The measurable quality is called a
parameter.
The population is a complete set.
Reports are true representation of
opinion.
It contains all the members of the
specified group.
Sample
The measurable quality is called a
statistic.
The sample is a subset of a
population
Reports have a margin of error
and confidence interval.
It is a subset that represents the
entire population.

Source: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/population-vs-sample/

What’s New

Marvin is a researcher and is tasked to determine the percentage of Cebuanos

who are willing to be vaccinated with anti-COVID 19 vaccine. So, he plans to give a
survey having this question:

*Are you willing to be vaccinated with anti-COVID 19 vaccine? ___YES ____NO

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 However, he is given limited time and budget for the task; thus, he finds giving
a survey to all Cebuanos impossible. What advise can you give to Marvin in order to
accomplish still his task?

Marvin can get a sample (e.g 100 Cebuanos) to participate in the survey. His
collected data will be treated differently compared to what is introduced in the
previous modules, since he will not get the mean of the sample data, but he will get
the percentage of the sample who answered “yes”. This can be done by dividing the
number of people who answered “yes” by the total number of people who participated
in the survey. Moreover, the percentage expression is also called a proportion. Since
the proportion is computed from a sample, then it will be called sample proportion.
Sample proportion is a point estimate of the population proportion, but it cannot be
used alone by Marvin to generalize the population. He needs to perform test of
hypothesis for population proportion to do so which will be discussed in Lesson 2.

What Is It

Proportion

-is a fraction expression where the favorable response is in the

numerator and the total number of respondents is in the denominator
-also represents probability
-can be obtained from samples or population

Example 1: The illustration below represents the proportion of Cebuanos who

answered “Yes” in the survey and also the proportion of the selected
sample.

Population
19 % Sample
23 %

We can get the following information based on the illustration above.

Name Symbol Proportion

Population Proportion 𝑝 19%
Sample Proportion 𝑝̂ 23%

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 Furthermore, the probability that all Cebuanos will be willing to get vaccinated
is 0.19 and the probability that all people in its sample will be willing to get
vaccinated is 0.23.
Formulas

POPULATION Proportion SAMPLE Proportion

𝑋 𝑥
𝑝= 𝑝̂ =
𝑛
𝑁
Proportion of the POPULATION Proportion of the SAMPLE who
who voted the OTHER option voted the OTHER option

𝑞 =1−𝑝
where:
• X is the number of elements
in the population that
possesses the desired
characteristics
• N is the population size
𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂
where:
• x is the number of elements in
the sample that possesses the
desired characteristics
• n is the sample size

Example 2) Find the proportion 𝑝̂ and 𝑞̂ when x = 135 and n =378.

Solution:

• To solve for 𝑝̂

𝑥
𝑝̂ = 𝑛
Choose the appropriate formula

135
𝑝̂ = 378
Substitute the given values.

𝑝̂ = 0.357 Simplify

• To solve for 𝑞̂

𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ Choose the appropriate formula

𝑞̂ = 1 − 0.357 Substitute the solved 𝑝̂ .

𝑞̂ = 0.643 Simplify

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Example 3) In a job satisfaction survey in a certain mall, a sample of 700 employees
were asked if they were satisfied with their jobs. There were 518 who
responded with a YES. Estimate the population proportions 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞.

Given: x = 518, n = 700

We will get sample proportions 𝑝̂ and 𝑞̂ since they are the point estimates
of the population proportions.

Solution:

• To solve for 𝑝̂ or the proportion of the sample who responded “Yes”

𝑥
𝑝̂ = 𝑛 Choose the appropriate formula

518
𝑝̂ = 700
Substitute the given values

𝑝̂ = 0.74 Simplify

𝑝 ≈ 0.74

• To solve for 𝑞̂ or the proportion of the sample who responded “No”

𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ Choose the appropriate formula

𝑞̂ = 1 − 0.74 Substitute the solved 𝑝̂

𝑞̂ = 0.26 Simplify

𝑞 ≈ 0.26

Therefore, the population proportion of the YES responses is estimated to be 0.74.

This means 74% of the respondents responded YES and the population proportion
of NO responses is estimated to be 0.26. That is, 26% responded NO.

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 What’s More

Activity 1: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Instructions: Give what is asked for and round off your answers to three (3) decimal
places. Write them on a separate sheet of paper.

A. Find the proportion 𝑝̂ and 𝑞̂ of the following

1) x = 28, n=100
2) x = 45, n=240
3) x = 318, n=2300
B. In a survey of 300 individuals, 128 like to watch movies on the big screen.
Estimate the true population proportion p and q where 𝑝̂ is the proportion who
like to watch movies on the big screen based on the sample.

What I Have Learned

Proportion
-is a fraction expression where the favorable response is in the
numerator and the total number of respondents is in the denominator.
-also represents probability
-can be obtained from samples or population

Lesson Word Problems on Testing

2 Proportions

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o determine the appropriate test statistic to be used in testing proportions,
o conduct tests involving population proportions, and
o interprets tests of proportions.

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 What’s In

Sample proportion is a point estimate of the population proportion, but it can’t

be used alone to generalize the population. A test of hypothesis for population
proportion should be done to do so.

What’s New

There are two tests of hypothesis for population proportions. These are One-Sample
Proportion and Two-Sample Proportion. Write O before the number if the concept is
a test for One-Sample Proportion and T if it is related to Two-Sample Proportion.

____1) It is used to test the ____4) Our interest consists only of

significance of the one group and the proportion
difference between of this group is compared to
population proportions. the population parameter or to
a standard.

____2) ____5) (𝑝̂ − 𝑝)

(𝑝
̂1 − 𝑝
̂2 ) 𝑍=
𝑍= (𝑝)(𝑞)
1 1 √( )
√(𝑃)(𝑄) ∙ ( + ) 𝑛
𝑛1 𝑛2

____3) ____6) 𝑝1 𝑝2
𝒑 ̂
𝒑
̂𝟏
𝒑 ̂𝟐
𝒑

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 1 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 2

What Is It

In this lesson you will be solving problems involving test of hypothesis on the
population proportion and it has two kinds, namely:

(1) One-Sample Proportion- Our interest consists only of one group and the
proportion of this group is compared to the population parameter or to a
standard, and;
(2) Two-Sample Proportion- It is used to test the significance of the
difference between population proportions.
The steps of hypothesis testing will again be followed in this lesson but with different
test statistic formula/s.

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 Steps in Testing Hypothesis Involving Population Proportions
Preliminaries: Identify the given and state the problem/claim

Identify the statistical hypotheses-null hypothesis (H0) and

Step 1: alternative hypothesis (H1) and direction of test.

Determine the level of significance and the critical value(s) (𝒛𝑪𝑽) from
Step 2: the appropriate table.

Compute the test statistic (𝒛𝑻𝑽 ) using the appropriate formula.

One Sample Proportion Two-Sample Proportion

(𝑝̂ − 𝑝) (̂
𝑝1 − 𝑝
̂2 )
𝑧𝑇𝑉 = 𝑧𝑇𝑉 =
(𝑝)(𝑞) 1 1
√( √(𝑃)(𝑄) ∙ ( + )
𝑛 ) 𝑛1 𝑛2

Where:
Step 3: 𝑝̂ is the sample proportion
𝑝 is the hypothesized
population proportion
𝑞 is 1- 𝑝
n is the sample size
Where:
𝑥1 +𝑥2
𝑃= , 𝑄 =1−𝑃
𝑛1 +𝑛2
𝑥1 is the number of sample
possessing characteristic 1
𝑥2 is the number of sample
possessing characteristic 2
𝑛1 is sample size 1
𝑛2 is sample size 2
𝑝1 is sample proportion 1
̂
̂2 is sample proportion 2
𝑝

Step 4: Draw the normal curve and locate there the computed test statistic.

Make the findings and decision.

Determine here if the computed test statistic is in the rejection or
acceptance region.
Critical Reject the H0 when Accept the H0 when
Value the computed… the computed…
Step 5:
Two-tailed Test ±𝑧𝐶𝑉 𝑧𝑇𝑉 ≤ −𝑧𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑇𝑉 ≥ 𝑧𝐶𝑉 −𝑧𝐶𝑉 < 𝑧𝑇𝑉 < 𝑧𝐶𝑉

Right-Tailed Test 𝑧𝐶𝑉 𝑧𝑇𝑉 ≥ 𝑧𝐶𝑉 𝑧𝑇𝑉 < 𝑧𝐶𝑉

Left-Tailed Test −𝑧𝐶𝑉 𝑧𝑇𝑉 ≤ −𝑧𝐶𝑉 𝑧𝑇𝑉 > −𝑧𝐶𝑉

Interpret the results.

Step 6:
Write here in words the accepted hypothesis.

Draw a conclusion.
Step 7: Go back to the claim of the problem and determine if it’s true or not,
this part must be nonnumeric and give the summary of results.

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Examples:
Read each situation and perform the appropriate hypothesis testing for proportion.
Round your final answers to three (3) decimal places.
1) Pinoy Burger, a burger restaurant claims that 85% of the burger fanatics prefer
to eat in their place. To test this claim, a random sample of 90 burger customers
are selected at random and asked what they prefer. If 76 of the 90 burger fanatics
said they prefer to eat at Pinoy Burger, what conclusion can be drawn? Use a 0.05
level of significance.
Image 3 shows the illustration of the problem above.

Population Population
Proportion of Parameter = 85%
ONE group (𝑝)
Sample Proportion (𝑝̂ )

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 3

Preliminaries: Given: 𝜌 = 0.85 , 𝑞 = 1 − 0.85 = 0.15

76
𝑝̂ = 90
= 0.84 , n = 90
Claim: Pinoy Burger, a burger restaurant claims that 85% of the
burger fanatics prefer to eat in their place
Solution:

Step 1: Identify the statistical hypotheses-null hypothesis (H0) and alternative

hypothesis (H1) and direction of test.

• H0: The proportion of the burger customers who prefer to eat at Pinoy
Burger is 85% .
𝜌 = 85% 𝑜𝑟 𝜌 = 0.85
• H1: The proportion of the burger customers who prefer to eat at Pinoy
Burger is not equal to 85%.
𝜌 ≠ 85% 𝑜𝑟 𝜌 ≠ 0.85
• Statistical Test: One Sample Proportion
• Direction of Test: Two-Tailed Test
Step 2: Determine the level of significance from the problem and the critical
value(s) from the appropriate table.

This is from the z Critical Values

• Level of Significance : 𝛼 = 0.05
table found in Module 1.
• Critical Value (s) : ±𝑧𝐶𝑉 = ± 1.96

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Step 3: Compute the test statistic using the appropriate formula.

Formula: ONE SAMPLE PROPORTION

̂ −𝑝)
(𝑝 (0.84−0.85) −0.01
𝑧𝑇𝑉 = (𝑝)(𝑞) = (0.85)(0.15) = 0.1275 = −0.1488 = −0.149
√(
𝑛
) √( 90
) √(
90
)

Step 4: Draw the normal curve and

locate there the computed
test statistic.

-1.96 z = -0.149 1.96

Step 5: Make the findings and decision. -2 -1 0 1 2

Since the computed 𝑧𝑇𝑉 = -0.149 is greater than the critical value =-1.96
and less than 1.96 or the computed t is located in the acceptance region,
thus we accept the null hypothesis (H0).

Step 6: Interpret the results.

The proportion of the burger customers who prefer to eat at Pinoy Burger
is 85% .

Step 7: Draw a conclusion

There is enough evidence to claim that the burger fanatics prefer to eat
at Pinoy Burger restaurant.

2) A study was conducted to determine whether Medicine A is more effective than

Medicine B. Both treatments are medicines for Zika virus. The data are shown
below:

Medicine A Medicine B
Sample Size 100 40
Number of 70 16
Recovered Patients

Test at 5% level of significance on whether Medicine A is more effective than

Medicine B.

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Image 4 shows the illustration of problem #2.

Population is compared to Population

Proportion (𝑝1 ) Proportion (𝑝2 )

Sample Sample
Proportion (𝒑
̂𝟏) Proportion (𝒑
̂𝟐)

>
Medicine A Medicine B
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 4

Preliminaries: Given: 𝑛1 = 100 𝑛2 = 40

70 16
𝑝̂1 = 100
= 0.70 𝑝̂2 = 40 = 0.40
70+16
𝑃 = 100+40
= 0.6143 𝑄 = 1 − 0.6143 = 0.3857

Claim: Medicine A is more effective than Medicine B.

Solution:
Step 1: Identify the statistical hypotheses-null hypothesis (H0) and alternative
hypothesis (H1) and direction of test.

• H0: There is no significant difference between the proportion of recovered

patients who took medicine A and Medicine B.
𝑝1 = 𝑝2
• H1: There is a significant difference between the proportion of recovered
patients who took medicine A and Medicine B.
𝑝1 > 𝑝2
• Statistical Test: Two Sample Proportion
• Direction of Test: Right-Tailed Test

Step 2: Determine the level of significance from the problem and the critical
value(s) from the appropriate table.

• Level of Significance : 𝛼 = 0.05 This is from the z Critical Values

• Critical Value (s) : 𝑧𝐶𝑉 = 1.645 table found in Module 1.

Step 3: Compute the test statistic using the appropriate statistics.

Formula: TWO SAMPLE PROPORTION

( 𝑝̂1 −𝑝̂2 )
𝑧𝑇𝑉 = 1 1
√(𝑃)(𝑄)∙(𝑛 +𝑛 )
1 2

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 ( 0.70−0.40 )
= 1 1
√(0.6143)(0.3857)∙( + )
100 40

0.30
=
√(0.23693551)∙(0.035)
= 3.294

Step 4: Draw the normal curve and

locate there the computed
test statistic.

z = 3.294

1.645

Step 5: Make the findings and decision.

Since the computed 𝑧𝑇𝑉 = 3.294 is greater than the critical

value=1.645 or the computed z is located in the rejection region, thus
we reject the null hypothesis (H0).
Step 6: Interpret the results.
There is a significant difference between the proportion of recovered
patients who took medicine A and Medicine B.
Step 7: Draw a conclusion
Medicine A is more effective than medicine B in treating Zika Virus.

Take Note: Use the directional words in the problem to determine the kind
of alternative hypothesis that will be constructed in Step 1. If ever, there are
no directional words given, construct automatically an alternative hypothesis
that will go through a two-tailed test.

What’s More

Activity 2: NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Read each situation and perform the appropriate hypothesis testing for proportion.
Use the steps below as your guide for your solutions and round off your final answers
to three (3) decimal places. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1) The principal of a school claims that 30% of the grade 11 students eat lunch
in school. A survey among 500 grade 11 students revealed that 150 of them
stayed in school during lunch. Use 95% confidence to conduct a test of
proportions.

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 Step 1:Statistical H0 :
Hypotheses and H1 :
Direction of Test Statistical Test :
Direction of Test :
Step 2: Level of Significance 𝛼 :
and Critical Value 𝑧𝐶𝑉 :
Step 3: Test Statistic 𝑧𝑇𝑉 :

Step 4: Normal curve

Step 5: Findings and

Decision
Step 6: Interpretation

Step 7: Conclusion

2) In a survey, 68 of 100 males said that they go out at least once a week from their
respective houses during quarantine period while only 15 of every 100 female said
the same. At 0.05 level of significance, test whether or not that the number of
males in the population who go out at least once a week from their respective
houses during quarantine was significantly different from the number of females
in the population?

Step 1:Statistical H0 :
Hypotheses and H1 :
Direction of Test Statistical Test :
Direction of Test :
Step 2: Level of Significance 𝛼 :
and Critical Value 𝑧𝐶𝑉 :
Step 3: Test Statistic 𝑧𝑇𝑉 :

Step 4: Normal curve

Step 5: Findings and

Decision
Step 6: Interpretation

Step 7: Conclusion

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 What I Have Learned

Two Tests of Testing Hypothesis

Involving Population Proportions

One Sample Proportion Two-Sample Proportion

(𝑝̂ − 𝑝) (𝑝
̂1 − 𝑝
̂2 )
𝑧𝑇𝑉 = 𝑧𝑇𝑉 =
(𝑝)(𝑞) 1 1
√( ) √(𝑃)(𝑄) ∙ ( + )
𝑛 𝑛1 𝑛2
Where:
𝑋 +𝑋
𝑃 = 𝑛1 +𝑛2 , 𝑄 = 1 − 𝑃
1 2

Critical values can be found from z Critical Values table.

Assessment (Post Test)

A. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

_____1. Subsets of populations are called ____.

A. averages C. estimates
B. elements D. samples
_____2. In point estimation, ____.

A. the mean of the population equals the mean of the sample

B. data from the sample is used to estimate the sample statistic
C. data from the sample is used to estimate the population parameter
D. data from the population is used to estimate the population parameter

_____3. Which of the following is a symbol of sample proportion?

A. 𝑝 B. 𝑝̂ C. 𝑛 D. 𝑁

_____4. When x = 50 and n = 215, what is the value of 𝑝̂ ?

𝐴. 0.233 B. 0.430 C. 0.567 D. 0.712

_____5. When x = 120 and n = 406, what is the value of 𝑞̂ ?

𝐴. 0.203 B. 0.300 C. 0.667 D. 0.704

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B. Read each situation and perform the appropriate hypothesis testing for
proportion. Round off your final answers to three (3) decimal places. Write your
answers in a separate sheet of paper.
1) A new drug for the treatment of a certain flu is to be compared to a usual medicine
to determine if there is any evidence that the proportion of complete relief is
higher for the new drug. A 0.01 significance level is chosen for a hypothesis test.
In a simple random sample of 200 subjects, the new medication is found to
produce 140 complete cures. In a simple random sample of 300 subjects, the
standard medication is found to produce 180 complete cures. Set up and test the
appropriate hypothesis.

Step 1:Statistical H0 :
Hypotheses and H1 :
Direction of Test Statistical Test :
Direction of Test :
Step 2: Level of Significance 𝛼 :
and Critical Value 𝑧𝐶𝑉 :
Step 3: Test Statistic 𝑧𝑇𝑉 :

Step 4: Normal curve

Step 5: Findings and

Decision
Step 6: Interpretation

Step 7: Conclusion

15
 Answer Key

Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
required.

16
References

Text Book
Belecina, R., et al.(2016).Statistics and Probability. Manila City, Philippines:
Rex Book Store, Inc. pg 268-281, 282-303,319-321
Lim, Y. et al.(2016)Math for Engaged Learning: Statistics and Probability.
Quezon City, Philippines: Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Chapter 5 pg. 35-
40, Chapter 6 pg. 4-23
Reston,E et.al.(2017).Seeing the World Through Statistics and Probability.
Cebu City, Philippines: University of San Carlos Press. pg 141-155, 157-
170
Images
Cover image- Mccarter, R. (2018). Statistics and Probability. Retrieved
September 6, 2020 from https://prezi.com/p/ujegvvooe634/statistics-
probability/
Image 1 and 3- Sigma Magic (n.d) . Online Sample Size Calculators. Retrieved
Sept. 6, 2020, from https://www.sigmamagic.com/blogs/online-sample-
size-calculators/
Image 2 and 4- Surbhi, S. (2016). Difference Between Census and Sampling,
retrieved Sept. 6, 2020, from https://keydifferences.com/difference-
between-census-and-sampling.html
Online Sources
Bradburn S. (n.d). How To Perform A Pearson Correlation Test In Excel,
retrieved July 30, 2020, from https://toptipbio.com/pearson-
correlation-excel/
Practice Problems: Correlation and Linear Regression (n.d), Retrieved July 30,
2020, from http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/correlation.html
Varsity Tutors (n.d).Line of Best Fit (Least Square Method), Retrieved July 31,
2020, from
https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/line-of-
bestfit#:~:text=A%20line%20of%20best%20fit%20can%20be%20roughly
%20determined%20using,as%20many%20points%20as%20possible).

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

o Name
o Grade and Section
o Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you.
4. Return them at the end of the school year.

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