Unified Supplementary Learning Materials: (Uslem

11
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City
UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Quarter 4 Week 2
DEVELOPMENT & EDITORIAL TEAM:
Writer: Joey N. Abergos
SDS: Margarito B. Materum SDO EPS (Math): Mirasol I. Rongavilla
LESSON 2: Formulating
CID Chief: Hypotheses and
Ellery G. Quintia SDOTest Statistic
LR: Daisy L. Mataac
This is a Government Property. Not for Sale

Grades 11 Statistics and Probability
EXPECTATIONS
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to:
1. formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population mean.
2. identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the population
variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be
unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
Pretest
Directions: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write only the letter of your
choice.
1. What statistical test is applicable if the population standard deviation is known and
the number of samples is greater than 30?
A. z -test B. H -test C. t -test D. U - test
2. What statistical test is applicable if the population standard is unknown and the
number of samples is less than 30?
3. What statistical test is applicable if the population standard deviation is known and
the number of samples is less than 30?
For no. 4-7
The SSG president claims that the average number of hours the students study their
lesson is more than 30 hours per week. If 30 students are surveyed and their average
is 36 hours per week with standard deviation of 4 hours, is there sufficient evidence to
reject the SSG president’s claim at α = 0.05 level of significance?
4. Which of the following statements is a correct null hypothesis?
A. H0: μ=30 B. H0: μ≠30 C. H0: μ>30 D. H0: μ<30
5. Which of the following statements is a correct alternative hypothesis?
A. H1: μ=30 B. H1: μ≠30 C. H1: μ>30 D. H1: μ<30
6. Is the population standard deviation known?
A. Yes B. No C. Maybe D. Cannot be determined.
7. What is the applicable statistical test?
8. What is the applicable statistical test for the following given: hypothesis test on
population mean; n=25; σ=2.5?
population mean; n=50; s=7.2?
A. z -test B. H -test C. t -test D. U – test
10. Which of the following is INCORRECT about formulating hypothesis?
A. There should always be an equal sign in the null hypothesis
B. The null hypothesis usually corresponds to the assumption that no change
occurs.
C. The choice of the alternative hypothesis depends on the purpose of the test.
D. The alternative hypothesis usually corresponds to the assumption that no
change occurs.
2
(This is a Government Property. Not for Sale.)
LOOKING BACK
How will you differentiate a Type I error and Type II error?
What should we do if we want to minimize both Type I and Type II errors?
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
In testing hypothesis, we need to start by formulating the null and alternative
hypotheses.
How to formulate a hypothesis?
In formulating hypothesis, we must follow the following guidelines.
a. There should always be an equal sign in the null hypothesis
b. The null hypothesis usually corresponds to the assumption that no change
occurs.
c. The choice of the alternative hypothesis depends on the purpose of the test.
d. There are three possible symbols used in formulating alternative hypothesis:
≠ (not equal), > (greater than), and < (less than).
Let us formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis of the problem below.
1. A researcher reports that the average salary of private school teachers is Php
10,000.00. A sample of 40 teachers has a mean salary of Php 10,870.00 a month at
𝛼 = 0.05, test the claim that the private school teachers’ salary is not equal to Php
10,000.00 a month. The standard deviation of the population is Php 1,500.00.
H0: The average salary of private school teachers is equal to Php 10,000.00. In symbol,
𝜇 = 10,000
H1: The average salary of private school teachers is not equal to Php 10,000.00. In
symbol, 𝜇 ≠ 10,000.
After formulating the hypotheses, we need to decide what appropriate test

statistic to be used. We should base it on whether the population standard deviation
is given and to the number of samples.
Let us answer the following guide questions.

a. Is the population standard deviation given? Yes; it is ₱1,500
b. How many samples do we have in this problem? 40
c. What statistical test must be used? z-test
Why z-test?
The z-test is used if the population standard deviation is given and the number
of samples is greater than or equal to 30. In the example, since a Php 1, 500.00
population standard deviation is given and the number of samples is 40 which is greater
than 30, then z-test is applicable.
3
The formula of 𝑧-test for mean, which you will learn in the succeeding modules
is:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
Where: 𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜎 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Let us consider other examples.
2. Mrs. Patata claims that its potato chips contain less than 150 mg of salt per pack.
But a random sample of 130 packs yielded an average salt content of 145 mg with
standard deviation of 25 mg. Use 0.01 level of significance to test the null hypothesis
𝜇 = 150 against the alternative 𝜇 < 150.
H0: The potato chips contain 150 mg of salt per pack. In symbol, 𝜇 = 150
H1: The potato chips contain less than 150 mg of salt per pack. In symbol, 𝜇 < 150
Answering the same questions above, we have the following:

a. The population standard deviation is not given.
b. The number of samples is 130.
c. Test statistic is 𝑧-test
It is important to note that even though the population standard deviation is not
given, we could still use 𝑧-test because the number of samples is more than 30 (which
is considered a large sample). However, instead of population standard deviation, we
will use sample standard deviation, which in this case is 25 mg.
Why is this possible?

This is possible because of the Central Limit Theorem which states that if the
random sample of size 𝑛 is drawn from a population, then as 𝑛 becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the
form of the population distribution. The said theorem assures us that no matter what
the shape of the population distribution is, the sampling distribution of the mean is
closely normally distributed whenever 𝑛 is large.
𝜎 𝑠
Therefore: 𝑛 ≈
√ √𝑛
𝑥̅ −𝜇
The z-test formula now transforms to: 𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛
Where: 𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 s = sample standard deviation
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 n = sample size
4
3. A certain brand of coffee is advertised to have a net weight of 250 grams. If the net
weights of 8 randomly selected packs are 252, 251, 253, 249, 248, 251, 254, and
249, can it be concluded that the average net weight of the packs is greater than the
advertised amount? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
H0: the average net weight of the packs is equal to 250 grams. In symbol, 𝜇 = 250
H1: the average net weight of the packs is greater than 250 grams. In symbol, 𝜇 > 250
Answering the same questions, we have

a. The population standard deviation is not known or given
b. The number of samples is 8
c. Test statistic is 𝑡-test
Since the population standard deviation is not given and the number of samples
is less than 30 (which is considered a small sample), we need to use 𝑡-test.
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
Where: 𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Though the formula for t-test is the same as the formula for z-test when the
standard deviation is not given, it is still important to choose the appropriate test of
hypothesis because it matters when we make decision in hypothesis testing. We will
further discuss it in the following lessons.
Activity 1
Directions: Identify the appropriate test of hypothesis for each problem with the
following information:
1. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 15; 𝜎 = 5
2. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 37; 𝑠 = 5
3. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 20; 𝑠 = 3.5
4. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 10; 𝜎 = 7.13
5. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 186; 𝜎 = 15
5
REMEMBER
We could summarize the process of choosing appropriate test-statistic for
population mean by looking at the chart below.
Is 𝜎 known?
No Yes
𝑥̅ −𝜇
Is n ≥ 30? Use: 𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
No Yes
𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇
Use: 𝑡= 𝑠 Use: 𝑧= 𝑠
√𝑛 √𝑛
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Read each problem. Write the null and alternative hypotheses and identify
the sample mean, population mean, population or sample standard deviation, sample
size, and the appropriate test-statistic.
1. Santos Farm takes pride in its poultry produce and claims that each dressed chicken
they sell provides 180 grams of protein. Test this claim at 0.01 level of significance
based on a random sample of 70 dressed chickens that yielded an average of 176
grams of protein with sample standard deviation of 15 grams.
2. MLC claims that students who avail their services get an average score of 385 on
scholastic aptitude test. The scores of random samples of 10 students are recorded
as follows: 350, 440, 350, 375, 400, 450, 475, 320, 300, 375. Use the level of
significance 0.01 to test whether the average of 385 is too high to claim.
6
POST TEST
Directions: Identify the correct answer for each item. Write only the letter of your choice.
1. We use the ____ to find the critical values associated with sample 𝑛 greater than or
equal to 30 and the population standard deviation is known.
A. 𝑧 -test B. 𝐻 -test C. 𝑡 -test D. 𝑈 - test
2. We use the ____ to find the critical values associated with sample 𝑛 less than 30 and
the population standard deviation is unknown.
3. We use the ____ to find the critical values associated with sample 𝑛 less than 30 and
the population standard deviation is known.
For no. 4-7
The SSG president claims that the average number of hours the students study their
lesson is more than 30 hours per week. If the population standard deviation is 4 hours
and the average of 30 students surveyed is 36 hours per week, is there sufficient
evidence to reject the SSG president’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance?
4. Which of the following statement is a correct null hypothesis?
A. H0: 𝜇 = 30 C. H0: 𝜇 > 30
B. H0: 𝜇 ≠ 30 D. H0: 𝜇 < 30
5. Which of the following statement is a correct alternative hypothesis?
A. H1: 𝜇 = 30 C. H1: 𝜇 > 30
B. H1: 𝜇 ≠ 30 D. H1: 𝜇 < 30
6. Is the population standard deviation given?
A. Yes B. No C. Maybe D. Cannot be determined
7. What is the applicable statistical test?
population mean; 𝑛 = 200; 𝜎 = 1.3?
population mean; 𝑛 = 16; 𝑠 = 2.7?
10. Which of the following is CORRECT about formulating hypothesis?
A. There should always be an unequal sign in the null hypothesis.
B. The null hypothesis usually corresponds to the assumption that no change
occurs.
C. The choice of the null hypothesis depends on the purpose of the test.
D. The alternative hypothesis usually corresponds to the assumption that no
change occurs.
7
References
Mathematics for Engaged Learning Statistics and Probability by Yvette F. Lim, Rizaldi
C. Nocon, Ederlina G. Nocon, and Leonor A. Ruivivar
Introduction to Statistics by Ronald E. Walpole (Third Edition)
Basic Probability and Statistics by Winston S. Sirug
Statistics and Probability by Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo
Statistics and Probability by Lino C. Reynoso, Recto Y. Ponciano, and Belinda T.
Conde
Answer Key
10. D
9. C
8. A
7. A
6. A
𝑧- test
5. C
4. A 𝑛 = 70
3. A 𝑠 = 15
2. C 𝜇 = 180
1. A 𝑥̅ = 176
H1: 𝜇 ≠ 180
Post test
H0: 𝜇 = 180
10. D 1.
9. A
8. A Understanding
7. A Checking your
6. B 𝑡- test
5. C 𝑛 = 10
4. A 5. z-test 𝑠 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
3. A 4. z-test 𝜇 = 385
2. C 3. t-test 𝑥̅ = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
1. A 2. z-test H1: 𝜇 < 385
1. z-test H0: 𝜇 = 385
Pre-test 2.
Activity 1
8

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11

Republic of the Philippines

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

This is a Government Property. Not for Sale

After formulating the hypotheses, we need to decide what appropriate test

Let us answer the following guide questions.

Let us consider other examples.

Answering the same questions above, we have the following:

Why is this possible?

Answering the same questions, we have

2. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 37; 𝑠 = 5

3. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 20; 𝑠 = 3.5

4. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 10; 𝜎 = 7.13

5. Hypothesis test on population mean; 𝑛 = 186; 𝜎 = 15

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

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