Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

Name: _________________________________Grade & Strand: _______________

School: ________________________________ Date: _________________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Applied Subject 12 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (Q2-WK1-2)
Sample and Sampling Procedure

I. Introduction

The basic unit for a survey is the population of the area in which it
is performed. In this lesson, we will understand the needed information to
determine the sampling procedure and sample in research.

II. Learning Competency

Describe the sampling procedure and sample (CS_RS12-IIa-c-2)

III. Objectives

After going through this Learning Activity Sheets, you are expected to:

1. Describe adequately the research sampling and population;

2. Understand the various approaches in determining sample size;
3. Present your chosen sampling methods.

IV. Discussion

Sampling is the process of choosing a representative part of

the population under study. “Typical” or representative of the
population” means that a part of the population is chosen in such
a manner that the characteristics and variation are reflected. It is,
therefore, not just taking any part but rather that which is
representative of the entire population (Sanchez, 1997).

A sample is a limited but representative subset of a

population. It must however be adequate in size in order to be
reliable. A good sample must be representative of the universe or
population. A sample that is not representative of the population is

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known as biased sample. This may be due to imperfect instruments,
the personal qualities of the observer, defective technique, or other
causes.

The term “population” is not necessarily synonymous with a

population of people. A statistical population or universe may
consist of attributes, qualities or behavior of people, the behavior of
inanimate objects such as dice or coins, cities or city block,
households or dwelling structures, the day’s output of a factory, or
opinions of the electorate of an entire nation.

There are two groups of population: the target population and the
accessible population. The target population is composed of the
entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to
generalize the findings of the study, while the accessible population
is a portion of the population to which the researcher has reasonable
access. For example, in a study about common difficulties
encountered by senior high school students in their first semester of
school year 2020-2021, the target population may be all senior high
school students in Mabalacat City. However, the researcher may
have access only to the students of a specific school - these students
comprise the accessible population.

The individual participants in the study are often referred to as

subject or respondents. The subjects are individuals or entities
which serve as the focus of the study. Respondents are individuals
or groups of people who actively serve as source of information
during data collection. The subjects of the study may also be its
respondents, but there also times that these are two groups of
different individuals or entities. Subject and respondents may also
be referred to as elements - particularly if said elements are objects,
rather than people.

It is important for the researcher to us an acceptable sample size

to ensure that their study will be accurate. Generally, the larger the
sample, the, more reliable the result of the study will be. Hence, it is
advisable to have a sample large enough to yield reliable results, yet
small enough to be manageable within the constraints of the study.

Advantages of Sampling
1. It saves time, money, and effort.
2. It is more effective.
3. It is faster, cheaper and economical.
4. It is more accurate.
5. It gives more comprehensive information.

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Disadvantage of Sampling
1. Sample data involve more care in preparing detailed sub
classification due to small to small number of subjects.
2. If the sampling plan is not correctly designed and followed, the
results may be misleading.
3. Sampling requires an expert to conduct the study in an area. If
this is lacking, the result can be erroneous.
4. The characteristics to be observed may occur rarely in a
population, for instance over 30 years of teaching experience o
teachers with outstanding performance.
5. Complicated sampling plans are laborious to prepare.

Factors to consider in determining the sample size.

1. Homogeneity of the population.
2. Degree of precision desired by the researcher.
3. Types of sampling procedure.
4. The Types of research
5. Research hypothesis
6. Financial constraints
7. Importance of the results
8. Numbers of variables studied
9. Methods of data collection

Sample size-this refers to the number of items to be selected from

the universe to constitute a sample. This major problem before a
researcher. The size of sample should neither be excessively large,
nor too small. It should be optimum. An optimum sample is one
which fulfills the requirements of efficiency, representativeness,
reliability and flexibility.

Various approaches to determining the Sample size.

1. Sample sizes as small as 30 are generally adequate to ensure that
the sampling distribution of the mean will approximate the
normal curve.
2. When the total population is equal to or less than, this same
number may serve as the sample size. This called universal
sampling.
3. Slovin’s formula is used to compute for sample size.

N
n= ---------
1+Ne2

Where:
n stand for a sample;
N, the population size,
e is for desired margin of error

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 Example: the population total is 8,000 with a desired 2% margin
of error
Given: N = 5,500; e = 0.02

5,500
n= ---------------------
1+5,500(0.02)2

5,500
= ------------------------
1+5,500(0.0004)

5,500
= ---------
1+2.2

5,500
= ---------
3.2

= 1,719

4. According to Gay (1976), offers some minimum acceptable sizes

depending on the type of research as follows.
a) Descriptive research - 10 percent of the population. For
smaller populations, a minimum of
20 percent may be required.
b) Correlational research - 30 subjects
c) Ex - post facto or causal comparative research - 15 subjects
per group.
d) Experimental research - 15 subjects per group. Some
authorities believe 30 per group should
be considered minimum.

5. By using the Calmorin’s formula, the problem is solved as follows.

NV+ [Se2 (1-p)]

Ss = ---------------------------
NSe + [V2 p (1-p)]

Where:
Ss = stand for sample size;
N = the population;
V = standard value (2.58) of 1 percent level of probability with 0.99 reliability level;
Se = sampling error (0.01); and
p = the largest possible proportion (0.50).

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 Example: Getting from a parameter of 950.
Given: N = 950; V = 2.58; Se = 0.01; p = 0.50

NV+ [Se2 (1-p)]

Ss = ---------------------------
NSe + [V2 p (1-p)]

950(2.58) + [(0.01)2 (1-0.50)]

= ------------------------------------------
950(0.01) + [(2.58)2 (0.50) (1-0.50)]

2451 + [(0.0001) (0.50)]

= ------------------------------------------
9.5 + (6.6564) (0.50) (0.50)

2451 + 0.00005
= -----------------------------------
9.5 + (6.6564) (0.25)

2451 + 0.00005
= -----------------------------------
9.5 + (1.6641)

2451.00005
= -----------------------------------
11.1641

= 220

Sampling procedure:
Finally, the researcher must decide the type of sample he will
use i.e., he must decide about the technique to be used in selecting
the items for the sample. In fact, this technique or procedure stands
for the sample design itself. There are several sample designs
(explained in the pages that follow) out of which the researcher must
choose one for his study. Obviously, he must select that design
which, for a given sample size and for a given cost, has a smaller
sampling error.

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 Types of Random sampling

Probability sampling: The Non- Probability Sampling: A

sample is a proportion (a certain type of sample in which not all
percent) of the population and members of the population
such sample is selected from the have equal chance to be
population by means of some selected as subject in the
systematic way in which every research. This is especially
element of a population has a true in explanatory research,
chance of being included in the where one may wish to
sample. Probability sampling contact only certain persons
calls for more planning to assure or cases that are clearly non-
that each selected sample typical.
member is contacted. These
activities are expensive.
Subtypes of Probability Subtypes of Non - Probability
Sampling Methods Sampling Methods
1. Simple random sampling. 1. Convenience sampling.
Every member of the The researcher selects
population has a known respondents who are
and equal chance of being conveniently available. The
selected. process is continued until the
- Different techniques of desired sample size is
drawing sample in simple obtained.
random sampling-
a. Lottery or Fishbowl
Technique-simply writing
the names or numbers of
all the individual members
in a small-rolled piece of
papers, then placed in a
container.
b. The roulette wheel
technique- Corresponding
numbers are on a roulette
wheel. A spin of the wheel
and its stopping at a
particular number selects
the individual assigned to
that number as a unit in
the sample.
c. Table of random
Numbers-the researcher

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 has to choose number from
the table by means of
random start through the
fishbowl technique or any
other random technique.
Once the list of random
numbers has been
selected, the samples will
be chosen based on the
random list. In choosing
the sample, the digits to be
used have to parallel the
digits of the population.
2. Stratified random 2. Purposive sampling.
sampling. Population is Under this method of
divided into mutually drawing the sample, the
exclusive groups such as researcher selects the
age groups and random sampling units based on
samples are drawn from his subjective judgment.
each group. Those who meet the
purpose or objective of
nh = ( Nh / N ) * n the study are those
deliberately included by
where: the researcher in his
nh is the sample size for sample. This is also
stratum h, known as judgmental
Nh is the population size sampling.
for stratum h,
N is total population size,
n is total sample size.

Example:
You want to find out how
the people save their
money according to age
group in Mabalacat City
Government Office.
AGE N N=55
GROUP
20-29 155 9
30-39 223 13
40-49 251 15

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 50-59 173 10
69 and 142 8
above
TOTAL 941 55
3. Systematic random 3. Quota sampling.
sampling. It is a technique with
This is sampling by regular provision to guarantee
interval or according to a the inclusion in the
predetermined sequence, sample of diverse
such that every nth of the elements in the
population becomes part of population and to make
the sample. In this method sure that these diverse
of sampling the origin of elements are taken into
sequence has to be account in proportion in
controlled by chance. In which they occur in the
using this method, the population. In quota
researcher has to sampling, you select
determine first the people non- randomly
sampling interval he will according to some fixed
use. To determine the quota.
sampling interval, the
following formula can be These are two types of
applied. quota sampling;
 In proportional quota
N sampling you want to
K = --- represent the major
n characteristics of the
population by
Where: sampling a
K = sampling interval proportional amount
N = total population of each.
n = desired sample size  Non - proportional
quota sampling is a
Applying the formula, what bit less restrictive. In
is the appropriate this technique, you
sampling interval if the specify the minimum
desired sample size is 286 number of sampled
and the total population is units you want in
3000? each category. You
will not be concerned
N with having numbers
K = --- that match the

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 n proportion in the
population. Instead,
3000 you simply want to
= -------- have enough to
286 assure that you will
be able to talk about
= 10.49 or 10 even small groups in
the population; this
After determining technique is the non-
the sampling interval, the probabilistic
researcher has to list all analogue of stratified
the elements comprising random sampling. It
the population in arbitrary is usually used to
order. Every nth or kth assure that smaller
unit is chosen as a sample. groups are
The process is repeated adequately
until the required number represented in your
of sample is obtained. sample.

4. Cluster random 4. Snowball sampling.

sampling.
The population is divided
into mutually exclusive
groups such as blocks, and
the researcher draws a
sample of the group to
conduct a survey.
This method is used
where respondents are
difficult to identify and
are best located through
referral networks. In the
initial stage of snowball
sampling, individuals
are discovered and may
or may not be.

V. Activities

Activity # 1:
Part I: Write True if the statement is correct and False if otherwise.

__________1. The researcher measures the sampling error from the given
sample design and size.
__________2. Reliability and Validity is determining if the entire population
are selected to participate in a survey.
__________3. Sample size are the number of participants in the study.
__________4. A non-probability sampling is expensive and consume a lot of
time in conducting a research study.
__________5. A sample design must result in a truly representative
sample.

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Part II. Identify the type of sampling to be used in each of the
following.

__________1. In a large school district, all teachers from two building are
interviewed to determine whether they believe
the students have less homework to do now than in previous
years.
__________2. Every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is asked to
select his or her favorite store.
__________3. Nursing supervisors are selected using random numbers to
determine annual salaries.
__________4. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four groups
according to gender (male or female) and according to whether
they walk or ride on their routes. Then 10 are selected from
each group and interviewed to determine whether they have
bitten by a dog in the last year.
__________5. The students’ researcher from Santos Ventura National High
School intends to survey and assess the performance of
Converge ICT Solutions, Inc. in Mabalacat City. They plan to
choose the Barangay with highest population that uses
internet services from Converge ICT Solutions, Inc. What type
of sampling
should be used?

Activity # 2:
Direction: Compute the given problems

1. A research study is being conducted entitled “The Effectiveness of

Modular Learning Modality in the New Normal Education System
among Selected Senior High School Students in Mabalacat City,
Pampanga”. Compute the sample size (n=100) for each school using
stratified sampling method.

SCHOOL N N=100
Santos Ventura National High School 437
Mabalacat National High School 395
Senior High School within Sapang Biabas 850
Resettlement Elementary School
Madapdap Resettlement High School 204
Mabalacat Technical Vocational High 183
School
TOTAL 100

2. What is the appropriate sampling interval if the desired sample size

is 126 and the total population is 2534?

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 3. A group of Senior High School students are conducting a
Quantitative Research study with the total population 3,000 with a
desired 20% margin of error. Compute the sample size using the
Slovin’s formula.

Criteria for Question 2 and 3

CRITERIA 1 2 3 4
Correct No Uses wrong Uses Uses
Formula presented formula formula appropriate
formula with some formula
errors
Appropriate The The The The
and procedure procedure procedure procedure is
comprehensi is missing goes in the is correct and
ve procedure and not right reasonable. complete.
appropriat direction.
e. The
procedure
is not
complete.
Correct Many Few, but Few, but Correct
computation computatio relevant, irrelevant, computation
s n errors computatio computatio s.
which lead n errors. n errors.
to a
completely
erroneous
result.
Neatness Work is not Work is not Part of the Work is neat
neat and neat but work is not and readable
unreadable readable neat but
readable

VI. Assessment

Activity # 3:
Direction: Considering your own research work, discuss comprehensively
the selection of respondents, sample size, and the sampling procedure.
CRITERIA
Content 3 points
Grammar 3 points
Coherence 3 points
Clarity 3 points
Punctuations 3 points
TOTAL 15 points

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Write your answer in the box.

VII. Reflection

Direction: 3-2-1 Complete the table below

Three important things you have learned
1.

2.

3.

Two interesting facts you have found

1.

2.

One question that bothers your mind

1.

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VIII. References

Cristobal, Amadeo P. Jr., 2017, Practical research 2 For Senior High

School, C and E Publishing Inc.

MATH 100 Sampling Techniques. Retrieved from:

https://www.slideshare.net/rubyocenar/sampling-techniques-2

Samosa, Resty C., 2017. Digging-up-the Concepts and Principles of

Practical research 2

Sanchez, Custodiosa A. 1997. Methods and Techniques of Research 3rd

Edition. Rex Book Store. Manila, Philippines.

Statistics How To: Retrieved from:

https://www.statisticshowto.com/stratified-random-sample/

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 14
Activity 1
Part I
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
Activity 2
Item Number 1.
Activity 2
SCHOOL N n Item number 3.
Santos Ventura 437 21 Given: N = 3,000;
National High School e = 0.02
Mabalacat National 395 19
High School
N
Senior High School 850 41
within Sapang n= ---------
Biabas Elementary 1+Ne2
School
Madapdap 204 10 3,000
Resettlement High n= ------------
School 1+3,000(0.02)2
Mabalacat Technical 183 9
Vocational High 3,000
School
= -----------
TOTAL 2069 100
1+3,000(0.0004)
3,000
= ---------
1+1.2
Activity 1
3,000
Part II
= ---------
2.2
1. Purposive or
= 1,364
Judgmental sampling
Activity 2
2. Systematic random
sampling Item number 2
N
3. Simple random K = ---
sampling n Assessment
4. Stratified random 2534 Answers may vary
sampling = --------
126
5. Cluster random
sampling Reflection
= 20
Answers may vary
IX. Answer Key
X. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Marisa M. Avila, RN, RM, MAN, LPT

Editor: Anthony Rayley C. Cabigting, DEM
Reviewer: Jeffrey R. Yumang,
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Engr. Edgard C. Domingo, PhD, CESO V
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD, CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Mabalacat

P. Burgos St., Poblacion, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Telefax: (045) 331-8143

E-mail Address: mabalacatcity@deped.gov.ph

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