DETERMINING

THE SAMPLE SIZE

Chapter III: Research Methodology
Quantitative Research

Prepared by: Kristine Joy A. Mamasig

Pratical Research II
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCY:
MODULE 1: DESCRIBING SAMPLE SIZE AND PROCEDURE
• Choose the appropriate quantitative research design (CS_RS12-IIa-c-1)
• Describe sampling procedure and sample (CS_RS12-IIa-c-2)
 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

• Sampling is securing some of the elements of a population.

• A population (N) consists of the total elements about which you can make inferences based
on the data gathered from a determined sample size.
• An element is a member of a population who can provide information for the population.

(Prieto, Naval & Carrie, 2017)

 It is the small group you observe and a population is the larger group about
which your generalization is made.

“representative”

SAMPLE Chosen from the population

(n) -is a selection of respondents for each research study to represent the total
population (N)

Making decision about sample size for a survey is important. If a sample is

too large, it would be a great waste of energy and financial resources. Too
small sample size, however, would decrease the validity and reliability of
the research findings.
 SLOVIN’S FORMULA IN FINDING THE
SAMPLE SIZE OF THE POPULATION

- is used to calculate the sample size (n)

given the population size (N) and a whereas: 
margin of error (e). 
n = no. of samples
- it's a random sampling technique N = total population
formula to estimate sampling size  e = error margin or
margin of error
-It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
The SLOVIN’S formula is what a researcher needs to be able to
determine the sample size.

The margin of error is the allowable error margin in research. A confidence

interval of 95% gives a margin of error of 5%; 98% gives a margin error of
2%; and 99% confidence interval gives a 1% margin.
 WHAT IS A MARGIN OF ERROR?
Margin of errors, in statistics, is the degree of error in results received from random sampling surveys. A
higher margin of error in statistics indicates less likelihood of relying on the results of a survey or poll, i.e. the
confidence on the results will be lower to represent a population. It is a very vital tool in market research as it
depicts confidence level the researchers should have in the data obtained from surveys.

A confidence interval is the level of unpredictability with a specific statistic. Usually, it is used in association
with the margin of errors to reveal the confidence a statistician has in judging the results of an online survey
or online poll are worthy to represent the entire population or not.

“Lower margin of error indicates higher confidence levels in the

produced results.”
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
MARGIN OF ERROR IN RESEARCH?
The margin of error (MOE) is a statistical concept that is most often associated
with polls and pollsters. It serves to quantify the uncertainty associated with
sampling in a poll or other survey. In survey research, it is almost never practical to
measure the entire population

Usually, it is used in association with the margin of errors to reveal the confidence a

statistician has in judging the results of an online survey or online poll are worthy to
represent the entire population or not
 WHEN TO USE SLOVIN'S FORMULA? 

-If a sample is taken from a population, a formula must be used to take

into account confidence levels and margins of error.

-is used when nothing about the behavior of a population is known at all.
When taking statistical samples, sometimes a lot is known about a
population, sometimes a little and sometimes nothing at all.
 HOW TO USE SLOVIN'S FORMULA?

-To use the formula, first figure out what you want your error of
tolerance to be.

For example, you may be happy with a confidence level of 95 percent (giving a margin error of 0.05),
or you may require a tighter accuracy of a 98 percent confidence level (a margin of error of 0.02).
Plug your population size and required margin of error into the formula. The result will be the
number of samples you need to take
 EXAMPLE
• In research methodology, for example N=1000 and e=0.05

• Formula:
n = N / (1+Ne2).

whereas: 
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error
•
n = 1000 / (1 + 1000 * 0.5²)
n = 1000 / (1 + 250)
n = 3.984063745 = 4 samplings
 EXAMPLE
• A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the population on High City  is
1,000,000 , find the sample size if the margin of error is 25%
      
First : Convert the Margin Error 25% by dividing it to 100             
Given:
N = 1,000,000
e = 25% = 0.025

n = 1,000,000/(1 + 1,000,000 ·0.025² )
n = 1,000,000/(1 + 1,000,000 · 0.000625 )
n = 1,000,000/(1 + 625 )
n = 1,000,000/626
n = 1597.44 or approx. 1597  
 IT’S YOUR TURN!
• For instance, in your research, if the population is 9,000
and the margin of error you allow is 2%, what is your
representative sample?
Slovin’S formula in finding the sample size of the population

Where:
n = a sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin of error

Where:
n = a sample size
N = 9000
e = 0.022
 IT’S YOUR TURN!
• Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city government employees and you
want to survey them to find out which tools are best suited to their jobs. You
decide that you are happy with a margin of error of 0.05. Using Slovin's
formula, you would be required to survey n = N / (1 + Ne2) people:
GIVEN: SOLUTION: ANSWER: 286
N= 1000 1,000 / (1 + (1,000( *0.05 * 0.05))
E= 0.05 1,000/(1+(1,000 *0.0025))
1,000/1+2.5
1,000/ 3.5
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE/
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
• PROBABILITY SAMPLING PROCEDURE
1. Simple Random Sampling- This is known as lottery or fishbowl technique.
2. Systematic Random Sampling - systematic random sampling, the items or individuals are
arranged in some way perhaps alphabetically or some sort.
3. Stratified Random Sampling- . In
this type of probability sampling procedure, the
population is first divided into two or more mutually exclusive categories based
on your variables of interest in the research study. These are called strata (singular
– stratum).
4. Cluster Sampling
It is used when the target respondents in a research study is spread across a
geographical location. In this method, the population is divided into subgroups
called “clusters”, which are heterogeneous in nature and are mutually exclusive.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE/
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
• Non-Probability Sampling Procedures
• 1. Convenience Sampling
This method selects samples that are readily available and can participate in a research study on current
issues. This method is sometimes called haphazard or availability sampling.
2. Snowball Sampling
It is a technique where the researcher identifies a key informant about a research of interest and then ask that
respondent to refer or identify another respondent who can participate in the study
• 3. Purposive Sampling
Also called judgmental or subjective sampling, it employs a procedure in which
• samples are chosen for a special purpose.
4. Quota Sampling
It is simply gathering a representative sample from a group based on certain characteristics of the population
chosen by the researcher. The population is usually divided into specific groups.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
• The most preferred sampling technique in qualitative or quantitative research is
random sampling. However, this kind of probability sampling requires the use of
statistical method in measuring the sample. Three probability sampling techniques:
simple random, stratified, and systematic depend greatly on statistics for sample
accuracy. The use of statistics does not only prevent you from favoring any side of a
thing or situation involved in the research but also proves the accuracy or precision
of your sampling procedure.
 Use 0.05 margin of
error

SELECT A SAMPLING
TECHINIQUE (usually, this
is a random sampling) then
explain why you chose this
technique)
 TO DO LIST

Q4: WEEK 1 MODULE 1

MOD 1- BY GROUP
WHAT I CAN DO- SAMPLING PROCEDURE FORMAT -PAGE 12
SUBMISSION DATE: APRIL 23, 2022
 MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCY:
MODULE 2: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
• Most Essential Learning Competency:
• Construct an instrument and establish its validity and reliability (CS_RS12-IIa-c-3)
• Describe intervention (if applicable) (CS_RS12-IIa-c-4)
• Plan data collection procedure (CS_RS12-IIa-c-5)
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

• is a tool to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your subject.

• FORMS: tests, surveys, scales, questionnaires, or even checklists.
 STEPS IN DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE

• Step 1: Background

Do a basic research on the background of the chosen variable or construct. In research, the
term construct refers to a trait or characteristics that you like to evaluate or measure.
 STEPS IN DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE

• Step 2: Questionnaire Conceptualization

a. Choose the response scale to use. This is how you want your elements or respondents to
answer the questions in your study. Below is an example of a Likert scale:
• Likert scale – it consists of choices that range from one extreme to another
• from where respondents choose a degree of their opinions. It is the best tool for measuring
the level of opinions.
 STEPS IN DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
• Likert Scale
 STEPS IN DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
•
Step 3: Establish the Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire

• VALIDITY & RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

• Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate
how well a method, technique, or test measures something. Reliability is about the
consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure.
• What is Reliability?
• Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can
be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the
measurement is considered reliable.
 STEPS IN DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
•
Step 3: Establish the Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire
• What is Validity?
• Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If
research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties,
characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.
TIPS ON CONSTRUCTING
SURVEY QUESTIONS
EXAMPLE OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
EXAMPLE OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
EXAMPLE OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
 Q4: WEEK 2 MODULE 2

MOD 2- INDIVIDUAL

TO DO LIST
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED- Activity 2
ONLY( My Reflection)-page 11

Submission date: April 23, 2022

THANK YOU!