Chapter 3

Sampling and Sampling

Distribution
Sampling- refers to the
process of selecting the individual.

Populations, Samples, Parameters and

Statistic
Populations, Samples, Parameters and
Statistic
Population- group of phenomena
that have something in common.
Parameter- characteristic of
a population.

Sample- smaller group of members

selected to represent the population.
Statistic- characteristic of a
sample.
 Sampling
Method
Non-
Random
Random
Sampling
Sampling
Convenience
Simple
Purposive
Systematic
Quota
Stratified
Snowball
Cluster
Voluntary
 Random Sampling
- A process whose members had an equal
chance of being selected from the
population, it is also called Probability
sampling
Non- Random Sampling
- Defined as a sampling technique in which
the researcher select samples based on the
subjective judgement of the researcher
rather than random selection.
- It is also called non-probability sampling
 Slovin’s Formula
𝑵
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏+ 𝑵𝒆
where n = sample size
N = number of cases
e = margin of error
Example:Calculate the sample size
required for each of the populations.
1. N = 3,600; e = 5% or 0.05
𝑵
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏+𝑵𝒆
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟐
𝒏= 𝟐
𝟏+(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎)(𝟎.𝟎𝟓) n

𝟏+(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎)(𝟎.𝟎𝟓)
𝒏=𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝒏=𝟑𝟔𝟎
 Random Sampling
Simple Random sampling is the
most basic sampling technique in
which every element of the
population has the same probability
of being selected for inclusion in the
sample.
It is done using lottery method.
 Random Sampling
Systematic Random sampling is a random
sampling technique in which a list of
elements of the population is used as a
sampling frame and the elements to be
included in the desired sample are selected
by skipping through the list at regular interval

It is the process of selecting the kth in the

population until the desired number of
subjects or respondents is attained.
 Random Sampling

Stratified Random sampling is a

sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata
and then samples are randomly
selected separately from each
stratum.
 Stratified Random Sampling
Example:
Suppose a researcher wants to determine the average income of
the families in a barangay having 3,000 families, distributed in 5
purok. Computing for the sample size n at 5% margin of error:

Purok Population Percentage

1 800 27% .27 x 353 = 95
2 400 13% .13 x 353 = 46
3 500 17% .17 x 353 = 60
4 600 20% .20 x 353 = 71
5 700 23% .23 x 353 = 81
N 3000 100% 353
 Random Sampling
Cluster Random sampling is a
sampling technique in which the
entire population is broken into
small groups, clusters and some of
the cluster is randomly selected. The
data from the randomly selected
clusters are the ones that are
analyzed.
 Non-Random Sampling

 Convenience Sampling selecting a

group of individuals who are
available for study.
 Non-Random Sampling

 Purposive Sampling selecting based from

judgements to select a sample which the
researcher believed, based on prior
information that will provide the data they
need.
 researcher relies on their judgements when
choosing members of population to
participate in the study.
Also known as judgement,selective or
subjective sampling.
 Non-Random Sampling

 Quota Sampling is a method for

selecting survey participants that is
non probalistic version of stratified
sampling.
No such technique to use.
 Non-Random Sampling

 Snowball Sampling – one or

more members of population are
located and used to lead the
researchers to other members of
the population.
 Non-Random Sampling

 Voluntary Sampling – sample

are composed of respondents
who are self- select into the
study or survey.
Most of the time they have the
interest in the topic study.
 Mean, Variance and
Standard Deviation of
Probability Distribution
Mean of a discrete random variable X is a
weighted average of the possible values
that the random variable can take.
µ = Σ[ ẍ • Pr(x)]

where:
- the mean of a random variable
weights each outcome
Pr(x) – the probability of each mean
random variable outcome
The variance of a discrete random
variable X measures the spread or
variability of the distribution, and is
defined by:

Where:
- variance
x – variable
- mean of the probability distribution
n – the size of the random variable
The standard deviation, s, is the square
root of the variance.
s = or s =

Where:
s – standard deviation
x – variable
- mean of the probability distribution
n – the size of the random variable
Example:
Consider a population consisting of
1,2,3,4, and 5. Suppose samples of
size 3 are drawn from this population.
What is the mean, variance, and
standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample means?
Step 1: Determine the number of
possible samples of size n=3.

Use the formula N Cr =

Here, N = 5 and n = 3
5 C3 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples of
size 3 that can be drawn.
Step 2: List possible samples and
their corresponding means.
Sample Values (x) Mean ()
1,2,3 2.00
1,2,4 2.33
1,2,5 2.67
1,3,4 2.67
1,3,5 3.00
1,4,5 3.33
2,3,4 3.00
2,3,5 3.33
2,4,5 3.67
3,4,5 4.00
Step 3: Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
Mean () Frequency (f) Probability
Pr(x)
2.00 1 1/10

2.33 1 1/10

2.67 2 1/5

3.00 2 1/5

3.33 2 1/5

3.67 1 1/10

4.00 1 1/10

Total 10 1.00
Step 4: Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
Sample Probability • Pr(x)
Mean () Pr(x)
2.00 1/10 0.2

2.33 1/10 0.23

2.67 1/5 0.53

3.00 1/5 0.6

3.33 1/5 0.67

3.67 1/10 0.37

4.00 1/10 0.4

Total 1.00 3.00

Step 5: Compute the variance and standard deviation of
the sampling distribution.

Sample Values Mean () s

(x)
1,2,3 2.00 1 1
1,2,4 2.33 2.33 1.53
1,2,5 2.67 4.33 2.08
1,3,4 2.67
1,3,5 3.00
1,4,5 3.33
2,3,4 3.00
2,3,5 3.33 S=1
2,4,5 3.67
3,4,5 4.00
Central Limit
Theorem
Central Limit Theorem
- is a statistical theory that states that given a
sufficiently large sample size from a population
with a finite level of variance.
Formula
z= =
where:
- sample mean
s – standard deviation
µ - population mean
n – sample size
Example

The mean raw score of Grade 11

students in Statistics examination was
40 with a standard deviation of 21. If
49 students are randomly selected,
find the probability that the mean
score of the students is higher than
49.
Solution
Step 1: Compute the standard deviation of the sample
mean. s = 21 n = 49

= =

= =3
Solution
Step 2: Identify the parts of the problem.
µ = 40
= 49
=3

Step 3: Compute the z-score.

z= z=

z= z = 3.0
Step 4: Draw the graph.

Step 5: Find the area of the variable in a normal

distribution table.

The area from the mean to the standard score

z = 3.0 is 0.4987 or 49.87%.
Hence, 0.5000 – 0.4987 = 0.0103

Therefore, the probability of obtaining sample that has

a raw of higher than 49 is 0.0103 or 1.03%
Activity
A population consists of the five
measurements 2,6,8,0, and 1.
1.What is the mean, variance and
standard deviation?
2.How many different sample size n =
2 can be drawn from the population ?
List them with their corresponding
means.
Activity:
Opinion Research Corporation reported
that the average time of men in the
shower is 11.4 minutes with standard
deviation of 11.8 minutes. If the times in
the shower are approximately normal,
what is the probability that the mean time
for 30 randomly selected men exceed 13
minutes?