Sampling Techniques &

Data Gathering Methods

J.O.Gonzales
 Sampling
 Sampling - process of selecting members
or elements of a sample from a given
population.
 Requires
 Time
 Effort
 Money
 Careful planning
 Slovin’s Formula
 There are scientific ways of determining a representative
(acceptable) sample size from any given population.
 One of them is Slovin’s formula:

N
n=
(1 + Ne 2 )
where
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error
(usually 0.05, since the preferred confidence level
in sampling is 95%)
 Sampling Techniques
1. Probability Sampling – samples are
chosen in such a way that each element of
the population has a known and usually
equal chance of being included in the
sample.
2. Non-probability Sampling – samples are
chosen in such a way that some members
of the population may not have any chance
of being included in the sample.
 1. Probability Sampling

1.1 Simple Random Sampling – sampling is

done by drawing lots or through the use of
random numbers.
1.2 Systematic Random Sampling – sampling
is done by selecting every kth element in
the population with the starting point
determined at random. (usually
by making k = N/n )
NOTE: This sampling technique should not be used if
there is an underlying periodicity in the sampling interval.
 1. Probability Sampling
1.3 Stratified Random Sampling –
sampling is done by first dividing the
population into a number of non-
overlapping sub-populations or strata
and then taking samples from each
stratum.
 There are two procedures that can be
used to determine the sample size per
stratum.
Stratified Random Sampling

1.3.1EqualAllocation – divide the intended

sample size (n) by the number of strata
(k) in order to obtain the number of
samples from each stratum ( n1 , n2 ,  nk).
Formula:
n
ni =
k
Stratified Random Sampling
1.3.2 Proportional Allocation – divide the size
of each stratum ( N1 , N 2 ,  N k )
by the population size (N) & multiply the
result by the intended sample size (n).
Formula:
Ni
ni = ×n
N
 1. Probability Sampling
1.4 Cluster Sampling
1. divide the population into
(geographical) groups called clusters,
2. select a random sample of clusters,
and
3. select a random sample of elements
from each of the selected clusters.
 2. Non-Probability Sampling

2.1Convenience Sampling – selecting those

elements that are readily available (doing a
survey by phone) or those that happen to
be in a place at a certain time (conducting a
taste test) in order to obtain quick results.
2.2Quota Sampling – samples are chosen
based on the judgment or prior knowledge
of the researcher with the objective of
reaching a certain target quota (polls
conducted via radio or television).
 Data Gathering Methods

 Direct Methods
 Observation
 Interview
 Focus Groups
 2. Indirect Method
 Questionnaire
 Journals
 Review of Records
Sampling Techniques &
Data Gathering Methods

-end-