SEMINAR REPORT ON SOLAR

COOLING

UNDER THE GUIDENCE: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. DEEPAK AWASTHI RUDRA PRATAP SINGH
(A. PROFESSOR) 071640048
ME 3rd
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No task however can be completed without proper guidance and

encouragement. I take this opportunity to express my deep thanks and
gratitude to all the people who helped me to transform an idea to reality.
First of all I will like to express my heartfelt thanks and
gratitude to Assistant professor Mr. Deepak Awasthi.
Last but not the least I will like to thanks my parents,
friends who blessed me to encouraging for preparation of seminar.

RUDRA PRATAP SINGH

(0716440048)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that a seminar report entitled “SOLAR

COOLING” being submitted by RUDRA PRATAP SINGH to
Mechanical Engineering Department PSIT Kanpur in partial fulfillment
for the award of degree Of Bachelor of Technology, is a record of
bonafide work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.

Mr. Nitin Srivastava

(H.O.D.)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
( )
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that a seminar report entitled “SOLAR

COOLING” being submitted by RUDRA PRATAP SINGH to
Mechanical Engineering Department PSIT Kanpur in partial fulfillment
for the award of degree Of Bachelor of Technology, is a record of
bonafide work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.

Mr. DEEPAK AWASTHI

(Asst. Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Contents
Introduction: Why & what is Solar Cooling
1. Solar cooling.

2. Thermodynamic Basics

3. Conventional Cooling Cycle

4. Thermal Solar Cooling Techniques

4.1. Absorption Cooling
4.2. Adsorption Cooling
4.3. Desiccant refrigeration

5. Coefficient of Performances.

6. Solar Cooling Path

7. Refrigerants.

8. Electricity-driven systems.
8.1. Stirling engine.
8.2. Thermoelectric cooling.

9. Comparisons.

10. Consumption, performances and costs

10.1. Comparative assessment
10.2. Solar collectors used
10.3. Investment cost
10.4. Performance data
10.5. Consumption of auxiliary equipment

11. Review from the ISES congress.

 Introduction:-
What is Solar Cooling:-
The core idea is to use the solar energy directly to produce chilled water.
The high temperature required by absorption chillers is provided by solar troughs.
The system doesn’t require “strategic” materials (like in PV systems) and has peak
production in the moment of peak demand.

Why Solar Cooling?

Dramatic increase of air conditioning since the early 80ies

• Cost of energy.
• Issues related to environmental pollution.
-Due to energy production.
-Due to the use of CFC’s and HCFC’s.
• Matches demand with source availability.
• Crucial for improving life standards in developing countries.
 Solar Cooling

Solar cooling refers to any cooling system that uses solar power. This can
be done through passive solar, solar thermal energy conversion and photovoltaic
conversion (sun to electricity). The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of
2007 created 2008 through 2012 funding for a new solar air conditioning research
and development program, which should develop and demonstrate multiple new
technology innovations and mass production economies of scale. Solar air
conditioning will play an increasing role in zero energy and energy-plus buildings
design.

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by
humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar
radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave
power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable
energy on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaic.

Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar
applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable
water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking,
and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar
energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active

solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal
collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a
building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
 Thermodynamic Basics:

Underlying Physics
Thermodynamics

1st Law:

The change of internal energy (U) of a system is equal to the heat absorbed
(Q), plus the external work (W) done on the system W, Q related to the changes the
system experiences when going from an initial to a final state.

Thermodynamic Cycle:-
 Entropy

The concept of entropy was originally introduced in 1865 by Rudolf

Clausius. He defined the change in entropy of a thermodynamic system, during a
reversible process in which an amount of heat �Q is applied at constant absolute
temperature T, as

∆S = ∆Q / T

Clausius gave the quantity S the name "entropy", from the Greek word,,
"transformation". Since this definition involves only differences in entropy, the
entropy itself is only defined up to an arbitrary additive constant.

Thermodynamics - 2nd Law

The most probable processes that can occur in an isolated system are those
in which entropy increases or remains constant. In other words:
In an isolated system there is a well-defined trend of occurrence of process
and this is determined by the direction in which entropy increases. In other words:
Heat flows naturally from a system of higher temperature to a system of
lower temperature.

Ideal Carnot Refrigeration Cycle

Conventional Cooling Cycle
Compression
Condensation

Expansion
Evaporation
 Thermal solar cooling techniques

Absorption cooling techniques:

Energy is transferred through phase-change processes.

Adsorption cooling techniques

Energy is transferred through phase-change processes.

Desiccant Cooling

Energy is transferred through latent heat processes.

“The cooling capacity is based on the physical properties of the cooling fluid
that will change phases
At different temperatures, depending on its pressure.”

Absorption Cooling
 S
col olar
Condenser lec
tor
Generator
Heat
exchanger

Exp valve
Regulating
valve Pump

Evaporator
Absorber
 Heat Driven Systems

Absorption Refrigerator-
The absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g.,
solar, kerosene-fueled flame) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling
system. Absorption refrigerators are a popular alternative to regular compressor
refrigerators where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise
from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available (e.g., from
turbine exhausts or industrial processes). Absorption refrigerators powered by heat
from the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas are often used for food storage in
recreational vehicles.

Both absorption and compressor refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very

low (less than 0 °F/−18 °C) boiling point. In both types, when this refrigerant
evaporates or boils, it takes some heat away with it, providing the cooling effect.
The main difference between the two types is the way the refrigerant is changed
from a gas back into a liquid so that the cycle can repeat. A compressor refrigerator
uses an electrically-powered compressor to increase the pressure on the gas, and
then condenses the hot high pressure gas back to a liquid by heat exchange with a
coolant (usually air). Once the high pressure gas has cooled, it passes through a
pressure release valve which drops the refrigerant temperature to below freezing.
An absorption refrigerator changes the gas back into a liquid using a different
method that needs only heat, and has no moving parts. The other difference
between the two types is the refrigerant used. Compressor refrigerators typically
use an HCFC, while absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia.
 \

NH3 systems
• Improved reliability, at low cost, independent control of the cooling medium
• Improved pump reliability at low cost
• Improved reliability of the fluid level sensors
• Increased performance of the various heat transfer processes in the machine
• Simplified system concepts
 Properties of H2O – NH3

LiBr systems

- Increased performance and reduction of cost of solar collectors

- Increased performance and reduction of cost of storage systems (e.g. thermochemical)
Development of low capacity absorption machines
- Development of low capacity air-cooled absorption machines
- Increased performance of the various heat transfer processes in the machine
Properties of LiBr – H2O

Absorption machine Single effect Yazaki machine

(10 ton LiBr)
 ADSORTION COOLING:-

Adsorption is the use of solids for removing substances from gases and
liquids the phenomenon is based on the preferential partitioning of substances
from the gaseous or liquid phase onto the surface of a solid substrate. The process is
reversible

Adsorption Phase 1
Heating and pressurization
 The adsorbent temperature increases, which induces a pressure increase,
from the evaporation pressure up to the condensation pressure. This period is
equivalent to the "compression" phase in compression cycles.

Adsorption Phase 2

Heating and desorption +Condensation

During this period, the absorber continues receiving heat while being
connected to the condenser, which now superimposes its pressure. The adsorbent
temperature continues increasing, which induces desorption of vapour. This
desorbed vapour is liquefied in the condenser. The condensation heat is released to
the second heat sink at intermediate temperature.
This period is equivalent to the "condensation" in compression cycles.
 Phase 2 Phase 3

Adsorption Phase 3:-

Cooling and depressurization

During this period, the adsorber releases heat while being closed.The
adsorbent temperature decreases, which induces the pressure decrease from the
condensation pressure down to the evaporation pressure.
This period is equivalent to the "expansion" in compression cycles.

Adsorption Phase 4

Cooling and adsorption + Evaporation

During this period, the absorber continues releasing heat while being
connected to the evaporator, which now superimposes its pressure. The adsorbent
temperature continues decreasing, which induces adsorption of vapor. This
adsorbed vapour is
 Evaporated in the evaporator. The evaporation heat is supplied by the heat
source at low temperature.
This period is equivalent to the "evaporation" in compression cycles.

Adsorption Cooling – Summary:-

The cycle is intermittent because production of cooling energy is not

continuous: it occurs only during part of the cycle When there are two adsorbers in
the unit, they can be operated separately and production of cooling energy can be
quasicontinuous. When all the energy required for heating the adsorber(s) is
supplied by the heat source, the cycle is termed single effect.Typically, for
domestic refrigeration conditions, the COP of single effect adsorption cycles is of
about 0.3-0.4. When there are two adsorbers or more, other types of cycles can be
designed.

Adsorption Refrigeration

Adsorption refrigeration and heat pump cycles rely on the adsorption of a

refrigerant gas into an adsorbent at low pressure and subsequent desorption by
heating. The adsorbent acts as a "chemical compressor" driven by heat and is, from
this point of view, the "pump" of the system. It consists of a solar collector, a
condenser or heat-exchanger and an evaporator that is placed in a refrigerator box.
The inside of the collector is lined with an adsorption bed packed with activated
 carbon adsorbed with methanol. The refrigerator box is insulated filled with water.
The activated carbon can adsorb a large amount of methanol vapours in ambient
temperature and desorb it at a higher temperature (around 100 degrees Celsius).
During the daytime, the sunshine irradiates the collector, so the collector is heated
up and the methanol is desorbed from the activated carbon. In desorption, the
liquid methanol adsorbed in the charcoal heats up and vaporizes. The methanol
vapour condenses and is stored in the evaporator.

Helium gas can also be 'pumped' by thermally cycling activated carbon

'sorption pumps' between 4 kelvins and higher temperatures. An example of this is
to provide the cooling power for the Oxford Instruments AST series dilution
refrigerators. 3He vapour is pumped from the surface of the dilute phase of a
mixture of liquid 4He and its isotope 3He. The 3He is adsorbed onto the surfaces of
the carbon at low temperature (typically <4K), the regeneration of the pump
between 20 and 40 K returns the 3He to the concentrated phase of the liquid
mixture. Cooling occurs at the interface between the two liquid phases as 3He
'evaporates' across the phase boundary. If more than one pump is present in the
system a continuous flow of gas and hence constant cooling power can be
obtained, by having one sorption pump regenerating while the other is pumping.
Systems such as this allow temperatures as low as 10 mK (0.01 kelvin) to be
obtained with very few moving parts.
Condenser
Condenser Desorbed
vapour

Sorber

Sorber
Evaporator
Qcs Evaporator

DESICCANT REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration Regeneration

Addresses the issue of thermal comfort by modifying the water vapor content in a space.
 Desiccant refrigeration flow-chart

Desiccant system
 A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of
dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately well-sealed container.

Commonly encountered pre-packaged desiccants are solids, and work

through absorption or adsorption of water, or a combination of the two. Desiccants
for specialized purposes may be in forms other than solid, and may work through
other principles, such as chemical bonding of water molecules.

Pre-packaged desiccant is most commonly used to remove excessive

humidity that would normally degrade or even destroy products sensitive to
moisture. Drierite, Silica gel, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, montmorillonite
clay, and molecular sieves are commonly used as desiccants.

Rice is a common "low-tech" alternative frequently used, for example, in

salt-shakers to maintain granularity of table-salt for effective pouring or shaking.
Rice, however, is not a good general purpose desiccant since, unless immersed in
an organism-hostile environment like pure salt, over time may be eaten by
creatures that might in turn contaminate the product that is being preserved. Salt
itself is another effective desiccant, used for millennia in preparation of dried food
and also to mummify corpses.
 Coefficient of Performance
The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP), of a heat pump is
the ratio of the change in heat at the "output" (the heat reservoir of interest) to the
supplied work.

Equation:
The equation is:

COP =│∆Q│∕ ∆W
where

• │∆Q│is the change in heat at the heat reservoir of interest, and

• ∆W is the work consumed by the heat pump.
The COP for heating and cooling are thus different, because the heat
reservoir of interest is different. When one is interested in how well a machine
cools, the COP is the ratio of the heat removed from the cold reservoir to input
work. However, for heating, the COP is the ratio of the heat removed from the cold
reservoir plus the heat added to the hot reservoir by the input work to input work:

COPheating =│∆Qcold│+∆W∕∆W
COPcooling =│∆Qcold│∕∆W
where

• │∆Qcold│is the heat moved from the cold reservoir (to the hot reservoir).
COP of the refrigeration sub-system
 Solar cooling path and local conditions

h e a t 3 D e
0 0 ° C s
1 5 0 ° C
S F ol a l t a P r l aT At he i
E T C
C C o o7n 0lc l ° ee C nc t t r oa
- F 1 l 0a 0t °P C l a t e
electricity

E V j ea
Photovoltaics

- E v a c u a t e
- C o n c e n t r
 Refrigerants

A vapor-compression chiller uses a refrigerant internally as its working

fluid. Many refrigerants options are available; when selecting a chiller, the
application cooling temperature requirements and refrigerant's cooling
characteristics need to be matched. Important parameters to consider are the
operating temperatures and pressures.

There are several environmental factors that concern refrigerants, and also
affect the future availability for chiller applications. This is a key consideration in
intermittent applications where a large chiller may last for 25 years or more. Ozone
depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of the refrigerant
need to be considered. ODP and GWP data for some of the more common vapor-
compression refrigerants:

Refr O G
igerant DP WP

R- 1
0
134a 300

R- 0 7
123 .012 6

R- 0 1
22 .05 700

R40 0 9
1a .027 70

R40 3
0
4a 260

407a 0
???
 R40 1
0
7c 525

R40 0 3
8a .016 020

R40 0 1
9a .039 290

R41 1
0
0a 725

R50 0
0 .7 ???

R50 0 5
2 .18 600

"Freon" is a trade name for a family of haloalkane refrigerants manufactured

by DuPont and other companies. These refrigerants were commonly used due to
their superior stability and safety properties: they were not flammable nor
obviously toxic as were the fluids they replaced, such as sulfur dioxide.
Unfortunately, these chlorine-bearing refrigerants reach the upper atmosphere
when they escape. In the stratosphere, CFCs break up due to UV-radiation,
releasing their chlorine atoms. These chlorine atoms act as catalysts in the
breakdown of ozone, which does severe damage to the ozone layer that shields the
Earth's surface from the Sun's strong UV radiation. The chlorine will remain active
as a catalyst until and unless it binds with another particle, forming a stable
molecule. CFC refrigerants in common but receding usage include R-11 and R-12.
Newer refrigerants that have reduced ozone depletion effect include HCFCs (R-22,
used in most homes today) and HFCs (R-134a, used in most cars) have replaced
most CFC use. HCFCs in turn are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol
and replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), such as R-410A, which lack chlorine.
However, CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs all have large global warming potential.

Newer refrigerants are currently the subject of research, such as supercritical

carbon dioxide, known as R-744. These have similar efficiencies compared to
existing CFC and HFC based compounds, and have many orders of magnitude
lower global warming potential.

Thermodynamic analysis of the system

Figure 2: Temperature–Entropy diagram

The thermodynamics of the vapor compression cycle can be analyzed on a

temperature versus entropy diagram as depicted in Figure 2. At point 1 in the
diagram, the circulating refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor.
From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is isentropically compressed (i.e., compressed at
constant entropy) and exits the compressor as a superheated vapor.
 From point 2 to point 3, the superheated vapor travels through part of the
condenser which removes the superheat by cooling the vapor. Between point 3 and
point 4, the vapor travels through the remainder of the condenser and is condensed
into a saturated liquid. The condensation process occurs at essentially constant
pressure.

Between points 4 and 5, the saturated liquid refrigerant passes through the
expansion valve and undergoes an abrupt decrease of pressure. That process results
in the adiabatic flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of a portion of the liquid
(typically, less than half of the liquid flashes). The adiabatic flash evaporation
process is isenthalpic (i.e., occurs at constant enthalpy).
 Thermoelectric cooling

Peltier element (16x16 mm)

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between
the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or
thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat
from one side of the device to the other side against the temperature gradient (from
cold to hot), with consumption of electrical energy. Such an instrument is also
called a Peltier device, Peltier diode, cooling diode, Peltier heat pump, solid state
refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler (TEC). Because heating can be achieved
more easily and economically by many other methods, Peltier devices are mostly
used for cooling. However, when a single device is to be used for both heating and
cooling, a Peltier device may be desirable. Simply connecting it to a DC voltage
will cause one side to cool, while the other side warms. The effectiveness of the
pump at moving the heat away from the cold side is dependent upon the amount of
current provided and how well the heat can be removed from the hot side.

Peltier devices can also be used to generate electricity (thermogenerator) if a

temperature difference is maintained between the two sides.

Performance

Peltier element schematic. Thermoelectric legs are thermally in parallel and

electrically in series.

Thermoelectric junctions are generally only around 5–10% as efficient as the

ideal refrigerator (Carnot cycle), compared with 40–60% achieved by conventional
compression cycle systems (reverse Rankine systems using
compression/expansion). Due to the relatively low efficiency, thermoelectric
cooling is generally only used in environments where the solid state nature (no
moving parts, maintenance-free) outweighs pure efficiency.Peltier (thermoelectric)
cooler performance is a function of ambient temperature, hot and cold side heat
exchanger (heat sink) performance, thermal load, Peltier module (thermopile)
geometry, and Peltier electrical parameters.

Uses
Peltier devices are commonly used in camping and portable coolers and
for cooling electronic components and small instruments. Some electronic
equipment intended for military use in the field is thermoelectrically cooled.
The cooling effect of Peltier heat pumps can also be used to extract water
from the air in dehumidifiers.

Peltier elements are a common component in thermal cyclers, used for the
synthesis of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)a common molecular
biological technique which requires the rapid heating and cooling of the reaction
mixture for denaturation, primer annealing and enzymatic synthesis cycles.

The effect is used in satellites and spacecraft to counter the effect of direct
sunlight on one side of a craft by dissipating the heat over the cold shaded side,
whereupon the heat is dissipated by thermal radiation into space.

Photon detectors such as CCDs in astronomical telescopes or very high-end

digital cameras are often cooled down with Peltier elements. This reduces dark
counts due to thermal noise. (A dark count is the event that a pixel gives a signal
although it has not received a photon but rather mistook a thermal fluctuation for
one. On digital photos taken at low light these occur as speckles (or "pixel noise").

Thermoelectric coolers can be used to cool computer components to keep

temperatures within design limits without the noise of a fan, or to maintain stable
functioning when overclocking. A Peltier cooler with a heat sink or waterblock can
cool a chip to well below ambient temperature.

Peltier devices are used in USB drink coolers/chillers, one of the latest
addition to USB gadgets/toys. These devices are powered directly from the USB
port and are said to keep drinks chilled, some even can keep drinks warm. The
effectiveness of these devices, however, is questionable. The available power from
a USB socket is very limited, so cooling or heating will be minimal.
 Stirling Engine
Heat
source

Regenerator
Heat
exchanger Heat
Exchanger

Cold Hot
side side

Expansion Compression
space space

Co
mp n
pis ress n sio
ton ion pa on
Ex pist

A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and

expansion of air or other gas, the working fluid, at different temperature levels such
that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.

The engine is like a steam engine in that all of the engine's heat flows in and
out through the engine wall. This is traditionally known as an external combustion
engine in contrast to an internal combustion engine where the heat input is by
combustion of a fuel within the body of the working fluid. Unlike the steam
engine's use of water in both its liquid and gaseous phases as the working fluid, the
Stirling engine encloses a fixed quantity of permanently gaseous fluid such as air
or helium. As in all heat engines, the general cycle consists of compressing cool
gas, heating the gas, expanding the hot gas, and finally cooling the gas before
repeating the cycle.Originally conceived in 1816 as an industrial prime mover to
rival the steam engine, its practical use was largely confined to low-power
domestic applications for over a century.[2] The Stirling engine is noted for its high
efficiency, quiet operation, and the ease with which it can use almost any heat
source. This compatibility with alternative and renewable energy sources has
become increasingly significant as the price of conventional fuels rises, and also in
light of concerns such as peak oil and climate change. This engine is currently
exciting interest as the core component of micro combined heat and power (CHP)
units, in which it is more efficient and safer than a comparable steam engine.
P h o to v o lta ic -d riv e n s y s te m s
Pow er
fo r1 W o f
W o rk in g
S y s te m s r e frig e r a tio n
COP A p p lic a tio n s A d v a n ta g e s D is a d v a n ta g e s
e ffe c t F lu id s
(W )
V a p o r-c o m p re s s io n
C ondenser - H ig h C O P - In s ta lla tio n c o s t is h ig h
C o m p re s s o r - L o n g te rm e x p e rie na cned it re q u ire s b a tte ry
R134a, foiar el n e rg y b a c k u p .
a n d w id e ly c o m m e rc
E xp.
d e v ic e
e le c tric ity
PV
1 2 -5 0 3 -5 R 2 9 0 , R e frig e ra tio n
a v a ila b le
o r e tc .
- A d ju s ta b le fro m a
E v a p o ra to r s m a ll to a la rg e s y s te m

T h e rm o -e le c tric (P e ltie r)
- N o w o rk in g flu id a-n Ld o w C O P
Q1
H o t s id e
n o m o v in g p a rts - D iffic u lt to a c h ie v e a lo w
H e a t re je c tin g s u rfa c e - Q u ie t re frig e ra tio n
t1 - S m a ll s iz e a n d lig htet m p e ra tu re
P N P N P N
t2
A fe w W 0 .5 - w
R e frig e ra tio n e ig h t - L o w re lia b ility e s p e c ia lly
w h e n th e p o w e r s u p p ly
H e a t a b s o rb in g s u r fa c e is c u t.
C o ld s id e
Q2 PV

S tirlin g
H eat
s o u rc e
- H ig h C O P fo r h ig h- H ig h p ro d u c tio n c o s t
te m p e ra tu re d iffe re- nCc oe m p le x ity in d e s ig n
R e g e n e r a to r

Heat
exchanger H eat
E x cha ng er
- C a n b e u s e d fo r
C o ld H ot
c ry o g e n ic a p p lic a tio n s
s id e s id e a n d it is m e c h a n ic a lly
He, m o re s im p le th a n o th e r
E x p a n s io n
space
C o m p re s s io n
space
3 -1 7 3 H2 , R e frig e ra tio an p p lic a tio n fo r lo w
A ir te m p e ra tu re o p e ra tio n .
Co
mp
pis ress ion - E n v iro n m e n ta l frie n d ly
ns
ton ion pa on
Ex pist w o rk in g flu id
- M o b ility a n d lig h t
w e ig h t

R e m a rkC: O P is a c o e ffic ie n t o f p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e re frig e ra tio n s u b -s y s te m . It s h o w s h o w m u c h h e a t c a n b e re m o v e d

e a c h u n it o f e n e rg y u s e d .
S o lar th erm al-d riven sys tem s
G en . /
R e g en . W o rkin g
S y ste m s COP A p p lica tio n s A d v a n ta g e s D isa d v an ta g e s
Tem p. F lu id s
(°C )
A b so rp tion
So
- O nly o n e m ovin g pa-rtL ow C O P
coll lar
C o n de n se r ect (p um p ) w ith po ssib ly- nItoca nn o t a chie v e a ve ry low
G en e ra to r
or
0 .6 -0 .8 N H /H O , R e frige ra tio nm o vin g p a rt fo r a sm aellva p o ra tin g te m p era tu re .
H eat 3 2
e xc ha n g e r
8 0 -1 9 0(single stage )H2O /L iC l, a n d sys te m - T he sy ste m is q u ite
E xp va lve
R e g u la tin g
va lve Pum p
1 .3 H2O /L iB r A ir-co n d itio n- L ow -te m pe ra ture h e atc om p licated .
(2 sta ges) sup p ly is po ssib le .
E v a po rato r
A b so rbe r

A d so rp tion - H igh w e ig h t a n d p o o r th e rm a l
- N o m o v ing p a rt (excep co tn d u ctivity o f th e a d s orb e n t.
C o n de n se r valve ) F o r hig h cap a c ity s yste m , it
C o n d e n seDr es orb ed
va p ou r ca n c a u se lo n g -te rm
- L ow o p era tin g prob lem s.
H2O /Z e o lite , te m p era tu re ca n b e
S o rb e r - Lo w o p era tin g p re ss u re
M e th an o l/ a ch ie v ed .
8 0 -3 0 00 .3 -0 .8 A ctivate d R e frige ra tio n- T h erm a l C O P is qu itere qu ire m e nt m a ke s it d ifficu lt
to a ch ie ve a ir-tigh tne ss.
S o rbe r ca rb o n h ig h co m p are d to o th- er
E va p o ra tor
E vap o ra to r
V e ry s e n sitive to lo w
Qc s
h e at op e rating syste mte. m p e ra tu re e s pe cia lly th e
de cre a s in g tem p e ra ture
R e frig e ra tio n R e g e n e ra tio n
du rin g n ig h ttim e .
- It is an in te rm itte n t sy ste m .
D e s icc a n t
- E n viro n m e ntally - It ca nn o t fu n ctio n pro pe rly
frie nd ly, w a te r is u s edin a h um id a rea .
a s th e w o rkin g flu id . - It is n o t a p pro p ria te fo r a n
H u m id ifie r
- C a n b e in te gra te d w itha re a w he re w a te r is
4 0 -1 0 00 .5 -1 .5 w ater A ir-co n d itio n
a ven tila tio n a nd s ca rcity.
H e ate r
h e ating s yste m . - R e q u ire s m a inten a n ce d u e
H u m id ifie r
to m o vin g p a rt in a ro to r
D e sicca nt W h e e l H e a t E x ch an g e r
W heel
w he e l.

E jec to r
- L ow te m p e ra tu re he-aLt ow C O P
S o la r C o lle ctor W a te r, sou rce ca n be u sed .
bu ta n e ,
G e n e ra to r - L ow o p era tin g a nd
Pum p 8 0 -1 5 00 .3 -0 .8 R 1 4 1 b, A ir-co n d itio n
in stalla tio n cos t.
C o n de n se r
E je cto r
R 2 4 5 fa ,
E xp . o r e tc.
d e vice
E va p ora to r
Consumption, Performances And Costs

Comparative assessment

COP (coefficient of performance)

 Solar collectors used

Investment cost
 Performance data

Consumption of auxiliary equipment

 Review from ISES

• Solar assisted air-conditioning of buildings –an overview

Hans-Martin Henning and Edo Wiemken
• Desiccant cooling technology powered by solar thermal air collector
systems
Ursula Eicker, Martin Huber, Uwe Schurger, Jurgen Schumacher,
Andreas Trinkle
• Prototype for a novel solar powered ejector air-conditioning system in
Mazunte, Mexico
J.L. Wolpert, S.B. Riffat and S. Redshaw
• Development of an Optimised solar deriven Diffusion-absorption
cooling machine
Uli Jakob, Ursula Eicker, Ahmed H. Taki, Malcon J. Cook.
• Project Description Solar cooling system in Pristina/Kosovo
Ernst MeiBner and Christian Holter
• Solar assisted Cooling of the New Federal Environment Agency
Building in Dessau
Edo Weimken and Hans-Martin Henning
• Evaluation of a Zeolite-water Solar adsorption Refrigerator
Miguel Ramos, Rafael L. Espinoza, Manfred J. Horn, Antonio Pralon,
Ferreira Leite
• Thermo chemical Accumulator - TCA
Frederik Setterwall, Chris Bales, Gøran Bolin