10-SERIES 10000 Testing Materials and Workmanship

Standard Technical Specification - 2002 Series 10000: Testing Materials and Workmanship
Table Of Content
SERIES 10000: TESTING

MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES...................................................................................................4
SECTION 10100: STANDARD AND TESTING ..............................................................................5

10101 Scope .............................................................................................................................5
10102 Testing Methods ............................................................................................................5
10103 The Costs Of Testing.....................................................................................................5
(a) Process control.........................................................................................................5
(b) Producing certificates ..............................................................................................6
10104 Taking And Submitting Samples...................................................................................6
10105 Testing Aggregates ........................................................................................................6
(a) General.....................................................................................................................6
(b) Determining acid insolubility ..................................................................................7
(c) Free-water content ...................................................................................................7
(d) Bulking the fine aggregates .....................................................................................7
(e) Determining the effect of sand on the water demand of a concrete mix .................7
(f) Accelerated-test method for determining the potential alkali reactivity of
aggregates ................................................................................................................9
10106 Testing Concrete..........................................................................................................10
(a) Determining the compressive strength ..................................................................10
(b) Consistency............................................................................................................11
(c) Air content .............................................................................................................11
(d) Drilling and testing the concrete cores ..................................................................11
(e) Flexural strength test (modulus of rupture) ...........................................................11
(f) Curing concrete cubes to attain accelerated strength development (55 °C /20
hours) .....................................................................................................................11
10107 Testing The Soils, Gravels And Crushed Stone Materials For Earthworks And
Pavement Layers....................................................................................................12
(a) Field Density .........................................................................................................12
(b) Relative Density ....................................................................................................12
(c) Chemically stabilized material ..............................................................................13
(d) Moisture content at saturation ...............................................................................13
(e) The soundness of mudrock or shale aggregates ....................................................13
(f) Nuclear device for compaction process control ....................................................14
10108 Determining The Total Approximate Dry Bulk Relative Density And The Apparent
Relative Density ....................................................................................................15
(a) Total approximate dry bulk relative density..........................................................15
(b) Apparent relative density.......................................................................................17
10109 Testing Tar, Bitumen And Asphalt..............................................................................19
(a) Tests described in the standard specifications for tars, bitumens and bituminous
emulsions ...............................................................................................................19
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Series 10000: Testing Materials and Workmanship Standard Technical Specification -2002
Table Of Content
(b)
Determining the film thickness ............................................................................. 19
(c)
Cantabro abrasion test........................................................................................... 19
(d)
Determination of in situ water permeability of bituminous road surfacing or
roadbase layers by using the falling head (MARVIL) apparatus.......................... 21
(e) Test site, and apparatus preparation and positioning ............................................ 21
10110 Tests Relating To Chemical Stabilization................................................................... 25
(a) Test for cementitious binder content..................................................................... 25
(b) Canvas-patch test for the spreading rate of cementitious binder .......................... 25
10111 Tests On Pavements .................................................................................................... 25
(a) Determining the texture depth............................................................................... 25
(b) Straightedge test for surface irregularities on surfaces with a coarse surface texture
............................................................................................................................... 25
(c) Using the rolling straight-edge for measuring surface irregularities .................... 26
10112 Structural Tests ........................................................................................................... 26
(a) Tests on elastomeric bearings ............................................................................... 26
(b) Prestressed concrete: Testing prestressing steel, anchorage assemblies, couplings
and grout ............................................................................................................... 26
(c) Load test on foundation piles ................................................................................ 28
10113 Tests on Silicone Sealants........................................................................................... 29
(a) Bond to cement mortar.......................................................................................... 29
10114 Tests on Geotextiles and Geotextile-Soil Compatibility Tests ................................... 29
(a) Puncture resistance tests on geotextiles ................................................................ 29
(b) Permeability reduction (flow test)......................................................................... 32
10115 Classifying the Tests ................................................................................................... 34
10116 Testing of Construction Water.................................................................................... 35
(a) Compressive strength test ..................................................................................... 35
(b) Inorganic impurities criteria.................................................................................. 35
10117 Measurement And Payment ........................................................................................ 36
Item 101.01 Special tests on elastomeric bearings........................................................ 36
Item 101.02 Other special tests requested by the engineer ........................................... 36
Item 101.03 Providing testing equipment ..................................................................... 36
SECTION 10200: QUALITY CONTROL (SCHEME 1) ................................................................ 46

10201 Scope........................................................................................................................... 46
10202 Judgement Plans: General........................................................................................... 46
10203 Definitions................................................................................................................... 46
10204 General Requirements................................................................................................. 49
(a) Determining lot size .............................................................................................. 49
(b) Random sampling ................................................................................................. 49
(c) Sample sizes.......................................................................................................... 49
(d) Outliers.................................................................................................................. 50
(e) Resubmission ........................................................................................................ 52
10205 JUDGEMENT PLAN A (Surface Levels And Layer Thicknesses) ........................... 55
(a) Taking the levels ................................................................................................... 55
(b) Calculating the deviations..................................................................................... 55
(c) Identifying outliers ................................................................................................ 55
(d) Assessing the results ............................................................................................. 55
10206 Judgement Plan B........................................................................................................ 56
(a) Taking samples and testing the properties ............................................................ 56
10207 Controlling More Than One Property.......................................................................... 60
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Table Of Content
10208 Conditional Acceptance...............................................................................................61

(a) General...................................................................................................................61
(b) Properties to which conditional acceptance applies ..............................................61
(c) Criteria for conditional acceptance........................................................................62
(d) Applying the payment-reduction factor.................................................................62
10209 Process Control By The Contractor.............................................................................63
10210 Routine Tests And Inspection By The Engineer .........................................................64
10211 Determining Rejection Limits In Accordance With Statistical Criteria...................65
SECTION 10300: QUALITY CONTROL (SCHEME 2).................................................................67

10301 Scope ...........................................................................................................................67
10302 Judgement Plans: General ...........................................................................................67
10303 Definitions ...................................................................................................................67
(a) Lot..........................................................................................................................67
(b) Random sample .....................................................................................................68
(c) Sample mean ( x ) ................................................................................................68
n
(d) Specification limit (Ls) ..........................................................................................68
(e) Acceptance limit for sample mean (La) .................................................................68
(f) Acceptance limits for individual test values Le .....................................................68
(g) Conditional acceptance..........................................................................................68
(h) Outliers ..................................................................................................................68
(i) First submission.....................................................................................................68
(j) Resubmission.........................................................................................................69
(k) Payment reduction factor (fr).................................................................................69
(l) Rehabilitation and repair work ..............................................................................69
10304 General Requirements .................................................................................................69
(a) Determining the lot size.........................................................................................69
(b) Random sampling..................................................................................................70
(c) Sample sizes ..........................................................................................................70
(d) Outliers ..................................................................................................................70
(e) Resubmission.........................................................................................................72
10305 Procedures ...................................................................................................................72
(a) Surface levels of fills and pavement layers ...........................................................73
(b) Layer thicknesses of pavement layers ...................................................................73
(c) Relative compaction of pavement layers...............................................................73
(d) Cementitious binder content of stabilized layers and uniformity of mix ..............74
(e) Binder content of asphalt.......................................................................................74
(f) Concrete: 28-day cube compressive strength ........................................................76
10306 Controlling More Than One Property .........................................................................77
10307 Conditional Acceptance...............................................................................................77
(a) General...................................................................................................................77
(b) Properties to which conditional acceptance applies ..............................................78
(c) Criteria for conditional acceptance........................................................................78
(d) Determining the payment reduction factor (fr) ......................................................79
(e) Applying the payment reduction factor .................................................................80
10308 Process Control By The Contractor.............................................................................81
10309 Quality Of Materials And Workmanship ....................................................................82

List of tables and Figures
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 10100/1 Schedule Showing Quantities And Times For Submitting The Materials For
Approval And Mix Designs .................................................................................... 9
Table 10100/2 Recommended Mark....................................................................................... 24
Table 10100/3 Criteria for Inorganic Impurities in Water Used To Manufacture Concrete .. 35
Figure 10100/1 Weathering Apparatus ................................................................................... 37
Figure 10100/2 Visual Classification...................................................................................... 38
Figure 10100/3 Marvil Apparatus........................................................................................... 39
Figure 10100/4 Grease Ring ................................................................................................... 39
Figure 10100/5 Placing Of Prestik.......................................................................................... 40
Figure 10100/6 Placing Of Plaster Of Paris............................................................................ 40
Figure 10100/7 Flow Cone ..................................................................................................... 41
Figure 10100/8 Metal Or Glass Container.............................................................................. 42
Figure 10100/9 Cone Assembly And Measuring Device ....................................................... 43
Figure 10100/10 Permeameter for Permeability Production Tests (Flow Tests).................... 44
Figure 10100/11 Permeability Reduction Criteria .................................................................. 45
Table 10200/1 Critical Values (Except Roadbase and Asphalt Mixes).................................. 50
2
Table 10200/2 Values Of x0.99 Distribution .......................................................................... 51
Table 10200/3 Outlier Test for Roadbase: Critical Values..................................................... 52
Table 10200/4 Outlier Test for Asphalt: Critical Values C .................................................... 52
Table 10200/5 Values of F Distribution (Σ = 0.05) ................................................................ 54
Table 10200/6 Values for T-Distribution (Σ = 0.05) .............................................................. 55
Table 10200/7 Characteristic Properties: Judgement Plan B.................................................. 56
Table 10200/8 Minimum Sample Sizes For Concrete (Structural)......................................... 57
Formula 10200/1 ..................................................................................................................... 57
Table 10200/9 Values Of Constants N, Ls, L's And φ .......................................................... 59
Table 10200/10 Values Of Ka (Single Limits)........................................................................ 60
Table 10200/11 Values Of Kad (Double Limits).................................................................... 61
Table 10200/12 Properties In Respect Of Which Conditional Acceptance May Be Applied 62
Table 10200/13 Rejection Limits (Lr And L'r) For Sample Mean ( x )................................ 63
n
Table 10200/14 Values Of Kr (Single-Limit Specification)................................................... 65
Table 10300/1 Critical Values ................................................................................................ 71
Table 10300/2 Outlier Test For Roadbase: Critical Values C ................................................ 72
Table 10300/3 Outlier Test For Asphalt: Critical Values C ................................................... 72
Table 10300/4 Acceptance Limits In Respect Of Compaction............................................... 75
Table 10300/5 Acceptance Limits For Bituminous Binder Content....................................... 76
Table 10300/6 Acceptance Factors for Strength Concrete ..................................................... 77
Table 10300/7 Minimum Sample Sizes for Strength Concrete (Structural)........................... 77
Table 10300/8 Properties To Which Conditional Acceptance May Apply ........................... 78
Table 10300/9 Rejection Limits (Lr And L'r) For The Sample Mean ( xn )........................... 79
Table 10300/10 Payment Reduction Factors for Conditionally Accepted Bituminous Binder
Application Rates.................................................................................................. 80

Section 10100: Standard And Testing
SECTION 10100: STANDARD AND TESTING
10101 SCOPE
During the progress of the work tests shall be conducted on materials and workmanship to
ensure compliance with the requirements of the specifications
Certain sampling and testing procedures not covered in the other sections of the specifications
by reference to the standard methods mentioned in clause 10102 are given in this section
10102 TESTING METHODS

All tests shall be conducted in accordance with the standard methods specified in the
following, in order of precedence:
1) Standard methods for testing road construction materials (TMH1 and TMH6) and for
calibration (TMH2) compiled by the Committee of State Road Authorities (CSRA) and
published by the Department of Transport as part of the series Technical Methods for
Highways
2) South African Bureau of Standards specifications test methods, codes of practice and
coordinating specifications (abbreviated as SABS and CKS).
3) British Standards Institute Specifications (abbreviated as BS).
4) The specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (abbreviated as
ASTM)
5) The specifications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (abbreviated as AASHTO)
6) The standard methods of testing of the South African Bitumen and Tar Association
(SABITA).
In addition to the above standard methods of testing, standard specifications or test methods
of other bodies may also be referred to in these specifications, or test methods may be
described where no acceptable standard methods exist.
Note:
In all cases the latest amendment or revision current at the closing date of the tender is
implied when reference is made to one of the above standards in the specification.
10103 THE COSTS OF TESTING
(a) Process control

The cost of testing undertaken by the contractor in terms of his obligations under clause 36 of
the General Conditions of Contract for purposes of process control, including the taking of
samples, reinstating where samples have been taken, and all testing equipment, labour,
materials, etc. shall be included in the rates tendered for the various items of work supplied
and will not be paid for separately.

(b) Producing certificates

Where the properties of materials or manufactured products are required in these
specifications to comply with specified specifications published by a standards authority. the
contractor shall produce, when called upon to do so, certificates from the manufacturer
confirming that the materials or products supplied comply with the relevant specifications.
10104 TAKING AND SUBMITTING SAMPLES

The method of taking samples shall be as specified in the appropriate sampling and testing
methods. The sampling methods described in TMH5, SABS method 827. ASTM and
AASHTO shall apply where relevant. If no sampling method is specified, the sampling
methods described in TMH5 and in SABS method 827 shall take precedence.
In the case of rehabilitation work the definitions given in the project specifications for lot, lot
size, random sample and sample size shall apply.
Where the contractor is required in these specifications to submit samples of materials or
mixtures to the engineer for approval prior to their being used in the works, the use of these
materials or mixtures without the engineer's written approval shall constitute default on the
part of the contractor, who shall be liable for the consequence of such default. All samples
shall be submitted in sufficient time for proper testing.
The engineer's approval of any materials or mixtures shall in no way relieve the contractor of
his obligation to provide materials, mixtures and workmanship, which comply with the
specifications.
All samples for testing shall be taken in a random pattern or as prescribed by the engineer.
Where specified or required by the engineer, stratified random sampling methods shall be
followed. For the testing of layer work stratified random sampling methods shall be used for
obtaining all the sample portions and for determining the locations for in situ tests.
The engineer shall have full access to the works for the purpose of taking samples. The
contractor shall render any assistance necessary for taking the samples and shall be
responsible for the reinstatement of pavement layers or other structures at the positions where
the samples have been taken. Full compensation for rendering assistance with sampling and
for reinstatement where samples have been taken shall be included in the rates tendered for
the various items of work tested, and no additional payment will be made in this respect.
Table 10104/1 provides guidelines in respect of submitting the materials in regard to the time
and quantity of material required for testing, approval and the mix design. As the time stated
in this table does not make any allowance for possible rejection and the resubmission of
alternative materials, the contractor shall submit any materials of uncertain quality at an early
stage or together with alternative materials in order to minimize any delays in final approval.
The contractor shall note that any samples submitted direct to the engineer's laboratory for
approval shall be properly marked and shall be accompanied by a covering letter with all the
required information and countersigned by the engineer's representative.
10105 TESTING AGGREGATES
(a) General
The contractor as part of his process control shall regularly test aggregates, as they are being
manufactured or brought onto the site and used or taken to stockpile.

(b) Determining acid insolubility

A sample of fine aggregate with an approximate mass of 1 kg shall be dried and weighed. The
sample shall then be treated with an adequate amount of a 6 N solution of hydrochloric acid to
react with all the acid-soluble particles in the sample. When the reaction is complete, the
residue shall be removed from the solution by filtration (Whatman No 4 filter paper), washed
with water, screened through a 0.075 mm sieve, dried and weighed. The mass of insoluble
residue retained on the 0.075 mm sieve, expressed as a percentage of the total sample, shall be
reported as the acid-insoluble content.
(c) Free-water content

The free-water content of aggregate shall be determined in accordance with SABS 855.
Rapid-testing methods approved by the engineer may also be applied.
Suitable adaptations of the above method may be used for determining the free-water content
of coarse aggregate.
(d) Bulking the fine aggregates

The bulking of fine aggregates shall be determined in accordance with SABS 856.
(e) Determining the effect of sand on the water demand of a concrete mix
Water demand is defined as the quantity of water per cubic metre of concrete required to give
a slump of 75 mm in a concrete with an optimum quantity of stone with a nominal size of 19
mm.
The following materials are required:
• Ordinary Portland cement
• Crushed stone with a nominal size of 19 mm
• Sand or a sand mix to be tested.
Method:
1) Determine the relative density (Rsa) in accordance with SABS 844 and the fineness
modules (FM) of the sand or sand mix.
2) Determine the compacted bulk density (CBD) of the 19 mm aggregate in accordance
with SABS 845. Also determine the relative density of the stone (Rst)
3) Determine the required quantity of stone (S) per cubic metre of mix (in kg/m3) in
accordance with formula:
S = CBD (0.975 - 0.1 FM).
4) Estimate the water demand (W) of the mix (in l/ m3). (220 l/m3 may be used as a
starting point.)
5) Determine the required cement content (C) for the mix (in kg/m3) by using the water
content (W) as obtained from (4) and a water-cement ratio of 0.59.
6) Determine the desired sand content (SC) of the mix (in kg/m3) in accordance with
the formula:
SC = 1 - (C/3140 + W/1000 + S/Rst)

7) Decide on the mix size, which will apply to the available equipment and calculate
the mix quantities in relation to the calculated quantities per cubic metre. Do not produce a
mix of less than 10 l.
8) Prepare the mix and determine the slump in accordance with SABS 862. Repeat the
test with adjusted quantities of cement, water and sand until a slump of 75 mm is achieved.
(As a rule, a change of 10 l/m3 in the water content either halves or doubles the slump.)
9) The water content giving a slump of 75 mm will then be the water demand for the
mix.
10) In order to facilitate the repeatability of results the following parameters should be
kept constant:
• Material temperature
• Mixing time
• Source of cement
• Source of stone.

Table 10100/1 Schedule Showing Quantities And Times For Submitting The Materials
For Approval And Mix Designs
Material Proposed use Submission for quality Submission for quality approval
submitted approval only and mix design
Minimum Minimum Minimum time Minimum
time to be quantity to be to be allowed for quantity
allowed for submitted testing, approval to be submitted
testing and and mix design
approval
Crushed stone 150 kg of each
Coarse 8 weeks for
50 kg of each size of stone for
aggregate for 2 weeks structures and
size of stone each class of
concrete concrete roads
concrete
Bituminous 50 kg of each 50 kg of each size
2 weeks 2 weeks
seals size of stone of stone
50 kg of each 100 kg of each
Asphalt mixes 2 weeks 8 weeks
size of stone size of stone
Crushed-stone
8 weeks
base or 3 weeks 50 kg 200 kg
(stabilization)
subbase
Crusher dust 150 kg of each
50 kg of each
and/or sand Fine aggregate type proposed for
2weeks size of 10 weeks
for concrete use for each class
aggregate
of concrete
15 kg of each 150 kg of each
Asphalt mixes 2weeks size of 8 weeks type proposed for
aggregate use
15 kg of each 50 kg of each type
Slurry or sand
2 weeks type proposed 6 weeks proposed for
seal
for use use
Gravel Subbase 200 kg of each 8 weeks
4weeks 200 kg
and/or base sample (stabilization)
Other materials
e.g. paint,
As specified As prescribed by the engineer
cement, addi-
tives, etc
(f) Accelerated-test method for determining the potential alkali reactivity of aggregates
(i) The method

Three mortar prisms shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements of ASTM C 227-
90. The prisms are removed from the mould after 24 hours and immersed in water in a closed
container, placed in an oven and kept at a constant temperature of 80 OC. After 24 hours in
the oven, the prisms are taken to a room with a temperature of 23 OC. where their lengths are
measured with a vertical comparator (an indicator type of deformation meter) to an accuracy
of 2 µm before any significant cooling takes place.
This reading will be taken as the nil reading. After the initial reading has been taken, the
prisms are immersed in a 1 N NaOH solution kept at 80 OC in a tightly sealed plastic

container, which is large enough for the prisms to be completely immersed. (Glass and metal
containers are unsuitable as they are susceptible to attack by the caustic solution.) The prisms
are measured every working day for a period of 14 days at a room temperature of 23 OC, and
their linear expansion is calculated. The average expansion of the three prisms for each day is
then calculated. Where none of the values deviate by more than 15% from the average, the
repeatability is regarded as being satisfactory. The average expansion after 10 or 12 days is
taken to be the reference value for determining the potential alkali reactivity.
(ii) Criteria
The criteria proposed provisionally for the accelerated mortar-prism testing method shall be
as follows:
1) Percentage of linear expansion after 10 days.
< 0.08 the alkali reactivity of the aggregate is not harmful
> =0.08 but < 0.20 the alkali reactivity of the aggregate is harmful and the aggregate is
expanding slowly
>=0.20 the alkali reactivity of the aggregate is harmful and the aggregate is expanding
rapidly
2) Percentage of linear expansion after 12 days:
< 0.10 the alkali reactivity of the aggregate is not harmful
>=0.10 but < 0.25 The alkali reactivity of the aggregate is harmful and the aggregate is
expanding slowly
>=0.25 The alkali reactivity of the aggregate is harmful and the aggregate is expanding
rapidly.
3) Interpretation
For aggregates falling in the slowly expanding group, the alkalinity per m3 of concrete shall
not exceed 2.80 kg of a Na2O equivalent.
For aggregates falling in the rapidly expanding group, the alkalinity per m3 of concrete shall
not exceed a value of 2.10 kg of a Na2O equivalent per m3, depending on the reactivity.
The dilution and palliative effect of extenders in the cementitious binders, such as slagment
(where permitted in structural concrete) and fly ash, shall be taken into account in the
interpretation of the results.
10106 TESTING CONCRETE
(a) Determining the compressive strength

The procedure for sampling and manufacturing, storing, curing and testing test cubes shall be
in accordance with TMH1 method Dl, except that the machines referred to in paragraph 2.3 of
TMH1 method Dl shall also comply with all the requirements of BS 1610 and BS 1881. The
following deviations from the above procedure shall apply:
Where instructed by the engineer, the compaction of concrete specimens in the moulds by
means of a vibrating table shall be obligatory. The method of compaction shall be as follows:

(i) Plastic concrete

Fill the mould halfway and vibrate it and spade it on all four sides with a suitable trowel to
remove air bubbles. Stop the vibration as soon as a wet sheen appears on the surface. Fill the
mould and repeat the procedure, but stop when again a wet sheen appears on the surface.
(ii) Stiff concrete

The same procedure is followed, except that the mould is filled in three to four steps instead
of in two. The vibration is stopped for each layer when a wet sheen appears.
(b) Consistency
The test method described in TMH1 method D3 shall apply in regard to the slump test, and
the method described in BS 881 (Part 104) in regard to the VEBE test.
(c) Air content

The air content of the freshly mixed concrete shall be tested by the method given in TMH1
method D5. Air content tests shall be conducted on the same samples of concrete from which
cubes were made for the 28-day compressive-strength tests.
(d) Drilling and testing the concrete cores

Where sections of concrete that have failed to comply with the specifications are required to
be further investigated by extracting and testing concrete cores, 100 mm or 150 mm cores
shall be drilled and tested. The sampling and testing procedure to be followed shall be in
accordance with SABS 865.
(e) Flexural strength test (modulus of rupture)

The procedure for sampling, making tests beams, curing, storing and testing, and the moulds
used, shall be in accordance with SABS 864.
(f) Curing concrete cubes to attain accelerated strength development (55 °C /20 hours)
(i) Scope
A method is described for curing concrete cubes at 55 OC for 20 hours with a view to
predicting the 28-day compressive strength for purposes of quality control. The accelerated
tests are additional tests and do not replace the 28-day tests.
(ii) Apparatus
The following equipment is required:
• Apparatus for preparing the concrete cubes in accordance with method Dl of
TMH1
• Plastic sheets of 180 mm x 180 mm
• Hessian sheets for covering the samples
• A suitable water bath with a circulation system of adequate capacity and a
thermostat to maintain the temperature constantly at 55 OC +/- 1 OC.

(iii) Method
Prepare the required number of concrete cubes in accordance with method Dl in TMH1 and
completely cover the exposed surface within the cube mould with small plastic sheets and
then with wet hessian. Keep it covered for 3 hours +/- 15 minutes.
Place the concrete cubes in their moulds in the hot-water bath at a rate which will not cause
the water temperature to drop below 54 OC. Record the exact time when each cube is placed
into the water and leave it in the water at a temperature of 55 OC +/- 1 OC for 20 hours +/- 15
minutes.
Remove the moulds containing the cubes from the water and then carefully remove the cubes
from their moulds. Cool the cubes for 2 hours +/- 15 minutes in water at 20 OC +/- 5 OC.
Test the compressive strength of the cubes in accordance with method Dl of TMHl.
(iv) Calculating the compressive strength

The cube compressive strength is calculated in accordance with method Dl of TMH1. In order
to predict 28-day compressive strength of concrete mixes, the ratio between the 28-day
compressive strength and the strength of rapidly-hardened cubes shall be determined for each
type of concrete mix by correlation techniques.
For purposes of the initial work, research has shown that the strength of the cubes treated and
tested as described above will be approximately 0.58 times the 28-day compressive strength
for concrete cubes prepared from Ordinary Portland cement (for strengths between 30 and 65
MPa). For rapid-hardening cement, the corresponding factor is 0.59, and for PBFC it is 0.66.
10107 TESTING THE SOILS, GRAVELS AND CRUSHED STONE MATERIALS FOR
EARTHWORKS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS
Specimens of soils, gravels and crushed-stone materials in earthworks and pavement layers
shall be taken in accordance with the methods described in TMH5 (unless SABS 827 is
specified), and any tests thereon shall be conducted in accordance with the methods described
in TMHl (A series), all subject to the following additional provisions:
(a) Field Density

All field-density determinations shall be done in accordance with method C (direct
transmission) of method Al0(b). Method A10(a) may be used where so instructed by the
engineer. Unless otherwise directed by the engineer, density testing for layerworks shall be
carried out within 24 hours of compaction having been completed. For the determination of
the dry density the moisture content shall be determined by means of a gravimetric method.
Method Al0(b) will be the reference method, except where in the opinion of the engineer the
material is of such a nature that, when the method is applied, disturbances will occur which
will affect the results. The apparatus shall be properly calibrated, and a valid calibration
certificate by a recognized laboratory shall be submitted to the engineer on demand. The
engineer may insist on recalibration at any stage.
(b) Relative Density

The dry bulk relative density and the apparent relative density of crushed-stone material shall
be determined as specified in clause 10108.

(c) Chemically stabilized material

In the case of chemically stabilised material, determining the optimum moisture content and
the maximum dry density shall be completed within the period given in table 3503(1), and
field density shall be determined within 24 hours of compaction having been completed.
(d) Moisture content at saturation

The moisture content at the specified saturation degree (Sr) shall be determined as follows:
(The apparent density (Gs) of the material shall also be determined for this purpose).
Wv = Sr (Xw/ Xd - 1000/ Gs), where:
Wv = moisture content of the specified degree of saturation (%)
Xw = density of water (kg/m3)
Xd = dry field density of the material (kg/m3)
Gs = apparent density of the material (kg/m3)
Sr = specified degree of saturation (%).
(e) The soundness of mudrock or shale aggregates

The soundness of mudrock or shale aggregates shall be determined by weathering the
aggregate in water by means of the following method (Venter test):
(i) Apparatus
o 37.5 mm and 26.5 mm, 300mm diameter sieves, complying with SABS 197.
o Stainless steel weathering basins, 150 mm (L) x 100 mm (W) x 50 mm (H) with
perforated base (see figure 10101/1 (a))
o Stainless steel reaction troughs, 500 mm (L) x 160 mm (W) to hold three (3)
weathering basins (see figure 10101/1(b)).
o Stainless steel drip tray, 500 mm (L) x 450 mm (W) x 25 mm (H), to hold nine (9)
weathering basins for oven drying (see figure 10101/1(c)).
o Force draught oven, capable of maintaining a temperature between 105 OC and 110 OC
o Tank with distilled water supply.
(ii) Preparation of aggregate

For each laboratory sample, obtain six (6) representative aggregate particles passing the 37.5
mm sieve and retained on the 26.5 mm sieve, without any visible cracks or flaws.
Place the particles in the weathering basin so that they are not touching each other.
(iii) Test procedure (start of first cycle)

Place the weathering basins containing the particles in the oven and dry overnight for 15
hours +/- 30 minutes at a temperature between 105 OC and 110 OC.
Remove from oven and allow to cool to room temperature for at least 30 minutes.

Place the weathering basins with aggregate particles in the reaction trough and add clean
water until the particles are covered by at least 15 mm of water.
Keep the aggregate particles immersed in the water at room temperature for 8 hours +/- 30
minutes.
Lift the weathering basins containing the aggregate particles out of the water and, by tilting it
through 90 degrees, allow the weathering basins to rest on the inner shoulders of the trough
for drip drying. This completes the first cycle.
Visually inspect each particle and record the condition of each particle noting cracks, flaws,
extent of fissures etc before starting the following cycle.
Repeat until five cycles are completed and finally inspect each aggregate particle.
(iv) Evaluation
The disintegration pattern of the aggregate fragments shall be visually classified in
accordance with the five classes specified in (v) and illustrated in figure 10100/2.
The terms to be used to describe the shape of the fragments are as follows:
o Plates - plates of fairly uniform thickness.
o Flakes - fragments of non-uniform thickness, concave, convex, or wedge-shaped.
o Chunks - roughly equi-dimensional fragments (> 3 mm).
o Grains - fragments from about sand size to 3 mm diameter.
o Silt, mud or clay
(v) Classification
The five classes for rating the aggregate are as follows:
Class I: Nil to minimal disintegration with only minor closed cracks and difficult separation
along these fractures planes
Class II: Disintegration into hard fragments with some open cracks.
Class III: Moderate disintegration with a high percentage of open cracks into less hard
fragments.
Class IV:Extensive disintegration into soft fragments with total separation along fracture
planes.
Class V: Slaking into very soft fragments, silt, mud or clay
(f) Nuclear device for compaction process control

1) The nuclear device for compaction process control shall:
2) be operated by a suitably trained technician;
3) comply with all the statutory regulations governing the use of this equipment;
4) be certified to be suitably calibrated.

10108 DETERMINING THE TOTAL APPROXIMATE DRY BULK RELATIVE DENSITY AND
THE APPARENT RELATIVE DENSITY
(a) Total approximate dry bulk relative density

The total approximate dry bulk relative density of base material shall be determined as
follows:
Firstly, the -0.075 mm fraction is removed from the sample and then the sample is divided up
into +4.75 mm and -4.75mm fractions.
For the +4.75 mm fraction, the dry bulk density and water absorption are determined
according to method B14 of TMH1.
The apparent relative density only is required for the -4.75mm fraction.
(i) Definitions
The definitions in methods B14 and B15 of TMH1 are applicable.
(ii) Apparatus
1. +4.75 mm fraction
The same apparatus as that required by method B14,
2. -4.75 mm fraction
• A 2 liter pycnometer.
• A balance with a capacity of at least 5 kg and accurate to 0.5g.
• A vacuum pump capable of maintaining a reduced pressure of 100 mm
mercury.
• A water bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 25 C +/-1 OC.
• A drying oven, thermostatically controlled and capable of maintaining a
temperature of 105 OC to 110 OC.
• A 25 ml pipette.
• A 0.075 mm sieve.
(iii) Method
The method is the same as method B14.
After riffling, the volume of the sample shall be 40% =/- 5% of that of the
pycnometer.
Wash the sample thoroughly to remove the -0.075 mm fraction and soak the sample
for 24 hours +/- 4 hours
After the sample has been soaked transfer it to a clean pycnometer.
Add distilled water to the sample in the pycnometer until the pycnometer is
approximately three-quarters full. Remove any entrapped air by subjecting the
sample to partial vacuum (air pressure approximately 100 mm mercury) for a few

minutes. This can be done by connecting the pycnometer directly to an aspirator or

a vacuum pump, or by using a bell jar. Some soils boil violently when subject to
reduced air pressure in which cases the pressure should be increased Place the
pycnometer and contents in the constant-temperature bath at 25 OC +/- 1 OC and
leave it for approximately 20 minutes until the contents of the pycnometer are at this
temperature. With a pipette, fill the pycnometer up to the mark with distilled water at
25 OC. Dry the pycnometer quickly and thoroughly, and weigh it.
Gently pour off the water without spilling any of the sample. Dry the pycnometer
with its contents to a constant mass in an oven at 105 OC to ll0 OC and weigh it.
Clean the pycnometer, fill it with distilled water at 25 OC, dry the outside, and weigh
it.
Record the mass determinations on a suitable data sheet.
(iv) Calculations
Calculate the dry bulk relative density to the nearest 0.001 g/c m3 from the following
formula:
Dry bulk relative density (25 OC) : Gbc = a/(b-c)
where :
a = mass of oven-dry sample in air
b = mass of saturated surface-dry sample in air
c = mass of saturated surface-dry sample in water at 25 OC.
The test shall be repeated if the duplicate results do not agree within +/- 0.005.
Report the result to the nearest 0.001 g/cm3.
Calculate the percentage of water absorbed from the following formula:
Percentage of water absorption (mass): Pwa = 100 (b – a)/a
Report the result to the nearest 0.1%.
Calculate the apparent relative density to the nearest 0 001 g/cm3 from the following
formula:
Apparent relative density (25 OC): Gaf = (A – E)/[(D - E) - (C - A)]
where:
A= mass of oven-dry sample and pycnometer
C= mass of saturated sample and pycnometer filled with water at 25 OC
D= mass of pycnometer filled with water only. At 25 OC
E= mass of clean, dry pycnometer.
The test shall be repeated if the duplicate results do not agree within + 0.005.
Report the result to the nearest 0.001 g/cm3.

Calculate the dry bulk relative density of the -4.75 mm fraction from the following
formula:
Dry bulk relative density - fines (25 OC): Gbf = Gaf/(Pwa.Gaf/100 + 1)
Calculate the dry bulk relative density of the total sample less the -0.075 mm
fraction, from the following formula:
Dry bulk relative density - total (25 OC): Gbf = 100/(P1/Gbf + P2/Gbs) where :
P1 = percentage passing through the 4.75 mm sieve
P2 = percentage retained on the 4.75 mm sieve.
(v) General requirements

The standard temperature is taken as 25 OC. If the test is conducted at any other temperature,
this shall be stated, or the relative density shall be adjusted for a temperature of 25 OC.
The relative density of material retained on the 4.75 mm sieve can also be determined by
using a pycnometer. The volume of the pycnometer should not be less than 2 l (the volume
occupied by the aggregate shall be 40% + 5% of the pycnometer capacity).
The pycnometer may be a relative-density flask with a perforated glass stopper, or a
volumetric flask, or any other glass container equipped with a suitable means of ensuring that
it can be filled to a constant volume.
When the particle size of the –4.75 mm grains is widely distributed, the test may not be
repeatable and more samples shall be tested.
The apparent relative density of the +4.75 mm fraction is not called for, but if required.
calculate it from the following formula:
Apparent relative density (25 OC): Gac = a/(a - c)
(b) Apparent relative density

The apparent relative density of crushed-stone materials shall be determined as follows:
(i) Apparatus
• A balance to weigh 5 kg accurately to within 0.5 g
• A pycnometer, eg a preservative jar with a smooth flat rim.
• A thermostatically controlled bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 25 OC +/-
1OC.
• A drying oven capable of maintaining the temperature between 105 OC and 110 OC.
• A thermometer marked from 0 – 100 OC.
• Towels.
• Teepol (10%) solution.
(ii) Method
Take 3 kg to 4 k g of the material as obtained from a density hole in the road. All the material
obtained from the hole should preferably be used. If it is too much for one pycnometer, more
than one pycnometer shall be used.

Dry the material in the oven at 105 OC – 110 OC to a constant mass.

Ensure that the pycnometer is clean and determine its mass together with that of a marked
sheet of glass.
Place the dried sample into the pycnometer and determine the mass of the pycnometer, glass
sheet and sample together. (The sample shall not take up more than half of the pycnometer's
volume.)
Add clean water at 25 OC to the pycnometer until it is approximately three quarters full. Add
three drops of the 10% Teepol solution to the water. Close the pycnometer and shake it
thoroughly for two (2) minutes.
Fill the pycnometer to near the brim with water at 25 OC and place it in a thermostatically
controlled bath at 25 OC. Leave it for thirty (30) minutes (or as long as may be determined by
the engineer) without disturbing.
Remove the pycnometer without shaking or jarring and place it on a spread-out towel. Fill it
with water at 250C and carefully slide the glass sheet over the brim from one side. Make sure
that no air bubbles are trapped beneath the glass sheet. Dry the entire pycnometer and glass
sheet carefully and determine the mass of the filled pycnometer plus the glass sheet.
Remove the contents of the pycnometer, clean and fill it in the same manner with water at 25
O
C. Dry and determine the mass of the pycnometer filled with water together with the glass
sheet.
(iii) Calculation
The apparent relative density of the material is calculated as follows:
• Mass of pycnometer + glass sheet = a
• Mass of pycnometer + glass sheet + material = b
• Mass of material only = (b - a)
• Mass of pycnometer + material + water + glass sheet =c
• Mass of pycnometer + water + glass sheet = d
• Apparent relative density of material = 1000[(b-a)/{(d-a) – (c-b)}]
Notes:
1) No chemicals other than the Teepol solution may be added to the water.
2) No suction may be applied to the water to remove air.
3) The temperature of the water shall be 25 OC +/- 1 OC and no other temperature may be
used.
4) Where two pycnometers are used, the apparent relative density shall be calculated from the
weighted average of the two results.
5) Where the water absorption of the aggregate exceeds 1.0%, the engineer will determine the
soaking period.

10109 TESTING TAR, BITUMEN AND ASPHALT
(a) Tests described in the standard specifications for tars, bitumens and bituminous
emulsions
The engineer shall be entitled to order the contractor to have materials tested by an approved
laboratory for compliance with all or any of the requirements specified, and the results of such
tests shall be submitted directly to the engineer by the testing laboratory with copies, if
requested, to the contractor.
The cost of such tests shall be borne as specified in Clause 10103.
(b) Determining the film thickness

The film thickness of the binder in asphalt mixes shall be determined as described in the
publication TRH8.
(c) Cantabro abrasion test

Where required the resistance of porous asphalt briquettes to abrasion loss shall be determined
by means of the Cantabro test. The abrasion loss value for freshly compacted specimens
shall not exceed the values specified in table 6400/13.
The details of the test are as follows
(i) Apparatus
The apparatus shall be a Los Angeles Testing Machine as described in ASTM Method C131.
The machine shall consist of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both ends, having an inside
diameter of 710 mm +/- 5 mm and an inside length of 510 mm +/-5 mm.
The cylinder shall be mounted with stub shafts attached to the end of the cylinder, but not
entering it, and shall be mounted in such a manner that it may be rotated with the axis in a
horizontal position with a tolerance in slope of 1 in 100.
An opening in the cylinder shall be provided for introduction of the test sample.
The opening shall be provided with a suitable, dust-tight cover secured in place by bolts.
The cover shall be designed to maintain the cylindrical contour of the interior surface unless
the shelf is so located that the charge and/or test sample will not fall on the cover, or come in
contact with it during the test.
A removable steel shelf extending the full length of the cylinder and projecting 90 mm +/- 2
mm inward shall be mounted on the interior cylindrical surface of the cylinder. in such a way
that a plane centred between the large faces coincides with an axial plane.
The shelf shall be 25 mm +- 1 mm thick and mounted by bolts or other suitable means so that
it is firm and rigid.
The position of the shelf shall be such that the distance from the shelf to the opening,
measured along the outside circumference of the cylinder in the direction of rotation, shall not
be less than 1 270 mm.
The machine shall be driven and counterbalanced to maintain uniform peripheral speed of 30
- 33 rpm for 300 revolutions.

If an angle is used as the shelf, the direction of rotation shall be such that the charge is caught
on the outside surface of the angle.
(ii) Test Procedure

Marshall Specimens shall be prepared as described in TMH1 - Method C2, but for this test
each Marshall specimen shall be compacted with 50 blows only on each side.
For each binder content, three specimens shall be made for the abrasion test.
The compaction temperature depends on the type of binder to be used. For B20 road-grade
(60/70 penetration-grade bitumen it shall be 115 OC to 120 OC and for bitumen-rubber (wet
method) it shall be 135 OC to 140 OC measured in the mould just prior to compaction.
The thickness of the test specimen shall be 63.5 mm +/- 1.25 mm.
The mass of the specimen in air (P1) to the nearest 0.1 g and the average thickness to the
nearest 0.1 mm shall be determined.
The test specimen shall be placed in the Los Angeles apparatus without the abrasive charge of
steel balls and the cover shall be fitted.
The machine shall be switched on and allowed to operate for 300 revolutions at a speed
between 30 - 33 rpm.
After the required number of revolutions, the machine shall be stopped and the specimen
removed and the mass determined (P2) to the nearest 0.1 g.
The test shall be carried out for each binder content in triplicate.
(iii) Calculations
The percentage abrasion loss for each specimen shall be calculated as follows:
P = 100(P1 - P2)/P1 where:
P1 = mass of specimen before testing.
P2 = mass of specimen after testing.
The mean of the three specimens shall be determined at the various binder contents.
(iv) Notes:
The determination of the optimum binder content is based on the following considerations:
1/ a minimum binder content limit to ensure resistance against aggregate loss due to traffic
and to enhance durability
2/ a maximum binder content limit to avoid binder run-off and to ensure good drainage in the
mix as a layer on the road.
The minimum binder content to ensure adequate coating thickness shall not be less than 4%.
The density of the specimen can also be determined by calculating the volume of the
specimen.
The voids in the specimen can also be calculated if the maximum theoretical voidless density
(Rice) is determined:
% Voids in specimen = 100 (Rice density - Specimen density)/Rice Density.

(d) Determination of in situ water permeability of bituminous road surfacing or

roadbase layers by using the falling head (MARVIL) apparatus
(i) Scope
This method describes the determination of the in situ water permeability of asphalt surfacing
and/or roadbase layers and is based on the principle of the falling head permeameter. The
permeability of a layer is an indication of the intensity of interconnected voids in the layer
that may be detrimental to the material due to oxidation of the binder and/or ingress of water
to the lower layers.
(ii) Apparatus
The apparatus consists of the falling head permeability (MARVIL) apparatus with a circular
weight and an acrylic tube with volume markings from 0 ml to 300 ml in 50 ml increments
(see figure 10100/3).
Other items required are:
• Adhesive putty (Prestik or similar approved)
• Water resistant grease (BP LS 3 or wheel bearing grease)
• Plaster of Paris (commercial grade) optional for granular layers
• Stop watch, accurate to 1 second
• Plastic tanks with sufficient drinking water (40 l or more)
• Plastic beakers or aluminium kettles of 5 l capacity
• Mechanical power saw with a corundum blade (optional for cutting through
thick asphalt layers)
(iii) Sundries
• Chisels (25 mm and 100 mm width)
• Hammers (1 kg - 2 kg mass)
• Paint brushes (25 mm and 100 mm width)
• Putty knives (50 mm width)
• Spatula (20 mm width)
• Hand cleaning cream, paper towels
• Toluol (at least 5 l)
(e) Test site, and apparatus preparation and positioning
(i) Asphalt and un-surfaced roadbase layers with smooth surfaces

A test point is randomly chosen or as prescribed in the project specifications. Areas
contaminated with foreign matter such as grease, oil, animal dung, etc. shall be avoided.
Use a brush (100 mm) to clean an area of the surface slightly bigger than the base of the
apparatus of all loose aggregate and dust. Place the apparatus in the middle of the clean area
and, using the base as template, mark the outside with a marker such as chalk. Clean the

bottom of the base of all grease using Toluol (or similar approved organic solvent) and dry
with paper towels.
Place a Prestik thread of 5 mm diameter around the inner and outer rims of the base edge and
press firmly so that it adheres to the base. The function of the inner thread is to prevent grease
from being expelled into the test area.
As the test is started under a head of 380 mm of water, the two threads must not be so thick as
to prevent the base of the apparatus from coming in close contact with the surface of the test
area. Fill the space between the threads of Prestik with grease. The grease shall be applied so
that it protrudes below the Prestik (see figure 10100/4). Place the apparatus lightly on the pre-
marked surface of the road. Lift the apparatus off the surface and apply extra grease over the
grease band left on the road and work it into the surface with a spatula or finger.
Place the apparatus with the undisturbed adhesive threads, and with additional grease added
between the threads, exactly on the pre-marked area. Press firmly until the grease is expelled
from underneath the base. Place the circular weight on the upper side of the base. This is to
keep the apparatus stable and to prevent the water from lifting it.
The expelled grease from underneath the base is worked into the surface to form a band of
grease about 20 mm wide around the base of the apparatus to achieve a watertight seal. The
apparatus is then ready for filling with water.
After testing, carefully lift the apparatus with the aid of a screwdriver from the surface.
Inspect the condition of the threads and if they are loose, press down again or replace and fill
with grease again.
(ii) Asphalt surfacing with uneven rough surface

This procedure is for single or double aggregate seals.
A test point is obtained as before. In the case of double seals, a groove is cut to a depth of
between 3 mm and 5 mm and 25 mm inside the inner circumference of the pre-marked circle
inner diameter of groove 225 mm +/- 5 mm) using a thin wall barrel and a carborundum bit
Proceed as before with cleaning the test area, and preparing and placing the apparatus.
Mark a circle on the asphalt surfacing, about 25 mm in diameter larger than the base of the
apparatus or a square area 300 mm x 300 mm. Remove the surfacing by cutting on the
delineated line with a power saw or chisels Lift the surfacing carefully from the lower layer
without causing too much distortion of the surface of the roadbase layer to be tested.
Carefully remove any loose aggregate or surfacing aggregate adhering to the roadbase layer,
and, if required, the prime layer and clean the test surface with a brush.
Only one thick thread of adhesive putty is placed on the bottom in the middle of the base and
formed as shown in figure 10100/5. Place the apparatus in the centre of the hole and press
firmly down.
Prepare a liquid slurry mixture of plaster of Paris (see notes in sub-clause (v)) and water and
pour it around and above the base (see figure 10100/6). Allow the mixture to set to a hard
mass (10 - 15 minutes). The apparatus is then ready for filling with water.
After testing, the hard plaster of Paris is chipped away and the apparatus carefully lifted from
the surface with the aid of a screwdriver.

(iii) Test procedure

Fill the apparatus from the top with water to the 0 ml mark or just above this mark, depending
on the permeability of the layer, in the shortest time possible.
For the first reading record the time (in minutes and seconds) taken by the water level to drop
from the zero mark to one of the graduated marks in a period of 2 to 3 minutes. Repeat the
test immediately, by filling the apparatus again to the 0 ml mark, or just above this mark, and
record the time taken by the water to drop from 0 ml to the same graduated mark used for the
first reading. Not more than three repetitions shall be done at a test point.
(iv) Test results and calculations

The readings of each test at each test point are tabulated and the permeability is calculated as
follows:
P = 3.6 Vw /Tsec where
P = permeability in l /h, correct to the nearest 0.1 l/h
Vw = volume of water in millilitres between the zero mark and the selected volume mark
Tsec = time in seconds taken by the water level to drop from the zero mark to the selected
volume mark
The permeability per unit area can also be calculated as follows:
Permeability per unit area (l /h/ m2) = P/A, where
A = surface (in m2) underneath the apparatus exposed to the water.
The change in flow rate with increasing or decreasing saturation can also be graphically
indicated by plotting the values of permeability or permeability per square metre against the
number of test repetitions. The trend of the line may indicate the degree of increasing or
decreasing flow. However, in this case more than three repetitions shall be taken.
(v) Notes
Table 10100/2 indicates the recommended mark to be taken for a reading as indicated by the
time for the water level to reach the graduation mark and the number of repetitions (refills) at
a test point.
When there is a possibility of the wafer level not reaching the 50 ml mark in 10 minutes,
estimate the volume to the nearest 10 ml at 10 minutes, stop the test and calculate the
permeability.
The times (or flows) may remain fairly constant when taken three times or more, but a
decrease in flow indicates that the material is becoming saturated. An increase in flow
indicates that the water opens up paths to flow into and if water appears on the surface in the
vicinity of the apparatus there has been horizontal flow through the material and this may also
give rise to an increase in the flow rate.

Table 10100/2 Recommended Mark
Time for water to Number or Recommended mark to be

reach repetitions taken
50 ml mark (minutes)
<1 3 150 ml
1-2 3 100 ml
2-4 3 50 ml
4-6 2 50 ml
6 - 10 1 50 ml
If it is required to test the bond between the surfacing and the base layer, ten repetitions or
more may be required.
If the bond is not sufficient, an increase in the water flow may be encountered and the surface
layer will eventually lift up from the roadbase.
If this does not happen, it is not necessarily an indication of a good bond between the
surfacing and the base. In this case the granular base material may be sufficiently permeable
for the water to penetrate into the base or even lower layers, rather than follow a horizontal
path.
The testing for bond strength between the surface and the base, especially in the case of
granular materials, should be considered carefully as the unnecessary over saturation of the
layer with water may be detrimental to the road. This procedure is more applicable to research
projects.
The permeability of a layer will depend on many factors such as:
• the degree of saturation of the layer, e.g. after a spell of rain, or due to built-in
moisture content.
• the degree of density of the layer.
• the grading, shape and texture of the material, and
• the degree of saturation of the underlying layer under a thin upper layer.
Testing of the surface where it shows signs of intensive cracking should be considered.
The plaster of Paris should be mixed to obtain approximately 900 ml of slurry which should
be sufficient if the hole is not more than 300 mm in diameter. The procedure is as follows:
Add approximately 1100 g of plaster of Paris to approximately 900 ml of water in a mixing
bowl or small plastic bucket. Let the powder form a small heap in the middle of the water.
Let it stand for a minute or two before mixing. Mix it slowly with the fingers to a watery
consistency. Add more water if necessary until a creamy consistency is obtained so that when
the slurry is poured around the base of the apparatus it will fill all the crevices. The slurry
must cover the base to a depth of 5 mm to 10 mm. The process must be completed before
hardening starts. Air and water temperature may influence the setting of the slurry,
When the surface layer is thinner than the base of the apparatus, the circular weight shall be
used to hold the apparatus in the starting position. Less slurry of plaster of Paris will be
required.

10110 TESTS RELATING TO CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
(a) Test for cementitious binder content

The test method used for determining the cementitious binder content of soils, gravels or
crushed stone mixed with a chemical stabilizing agent shall be determined by the engineer
and may be any test method currently recognised by the employer as being acceptable.
Where the cementitious binder content is determined, due allowance shall be made for the
presence in the unstabilized material of naturally occurring MgO or CaO (e.g. basalts,
calcretes, etc) which affects the result of such tests. If the standard deviation of the natural
MgO plus CaO content of the untreated material exceeds 0.35%, any determination of the
cementitious binder content shall be ignored
Sample holes shall be randomly spaced transversely as well as longitudinally over the area to
be tested, or as directed by the engineer, and if the material is road-mixed, samples shall be
taken from the top and bottom of each hole.
(b) Canvas-patch test for the spreading rate of cementitious binder

The following method shall be used for determining the spreading rate of a chemical
stabilizing agent where bulk distributors are used.
At least 10 clean canvas patches, each measuring 1 m x 1 m shall be placed flat on the road in
selected positions in relation to the bulk distributor’s track After the stabilizing agent has
been spread by the bulk distributor the canvas patches shall be carefully lifted and all the
material on the patches transferred to a container and weighed. The total mass of stabilizing
agent on each patch is then recorded and the average rate of application determined. Instead
of canvas patches, flat metal trays may be used for collecting the stabilizing agent.
Test for mix uniformity in chemically stabilized layers
Where required by the engineer, the contractor shall determine the mix uniformity in
chemically stabilized layers by means of unconfined compressive strength tests using an
approved method.
The contractor shall timeously make the necessary arrangements to take samples in
accordance with the requirements of the method used.
10111 TESTS ON PAVEMENTS

The following tests shall apply to pavements when specified: texture depth, straightedge, and
rolling straightedge.
(a) Determining the texture depth

The texture depth shall be determined by way of the sand-patch test as described in test
method ST1 of TMH6.
(b) Straightedge test for surface irregularities on surfaces with a coarse surface texture
Where surface irregularities are measured on surfaces with a coarse surface texture such as
grooved concrete pavements, crushed-stone pavement layers, natural gravel roadbase, asphalt
with rolled-in chippings, surface treatments, seals and other like surfaces, the following
procedure shall be followed:

A metal wedge of 100 mm in length and 50 mm in width shall be constructed with a taper of
7.5 horizontal to 1.0 vertical and tapering to a feather edge (50 mm wide). Parallel lines
spaced at 7.5 mm intervals shall be engraved on the sloping face and numbered to indicate the
positions where the wedge is 1.0 mm. 2.0 mm, etc, thick.
Where surface irregularities are measured, the 3.0 m straight-edge, which shall have sharp
right-angled corners at the bottom, shall be placed on the road and the thin edge of the wedge
inserted below the straight-edge from the front at the position where a surface irregularity is to
be measured. The size of the irregularity shall be determined in accordance with the mark to
which the wedge can be inserted without lifting the straight-edge. The width of the contact
plane of the straight edge shall be 18 mm +/- 2 mm and its height shall be 80 mm +/- 10 mm.
(c) Using the rolling straight-edge for measuring surface irregularities

The apparatus and testing method for this test shall be in accordance with testing method ST3
of TMH6.
10112 STRUCTURAL TESTS
(a) Tests on elastomeric bearings
(i) General
Tests on elastomeric bearings shall be conducted in accordance with BS 5400 part 9.2, and the
bearings shall comply with the test requirements specified in the said specification.
(ii) Compression and shear-stiffness tests

When compression and shear-stiffness tests are conducted on sample bearers or on only a
limited number of bearers in a consignment, the stiffness values as determined by the tests
shall be within 20% of the required values.
(b) Prestressed concrete: Testing prestressing steel, anchorage assemblies, couplings

and grout
(i) General
Where so directed by the engineer, the contractor shall make arrangements for samples of the
materials he intends to use in the works to be tested by an independent testing authority. The
cost of testing prestressing steel, anchorage assemblies and couplings will be paid for as
specified in sub-clause 10103. Control tests on the viscosity and bleeding of grout will be
regarded as part of the contractor's obligations under clause 36 of the General Conditions of
Contract and 10209 for process control and will not be paid for separately.
Materials represented by samples, which do not comply with the specified requirements, shall
be removed and replaced with suitable material.
(ii) Anchorages and couplers

Anchorages and couplers shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of sub-clause
8603(c). The anchorages and couplers shall be assembled in accordance with their practical
application on the site where all the components necessary for anchoring shall be used, but
excluding the ducts.

(iii) Prestressing steel

Prestressing steel shall be tested in accordance with the requirements of sub-clause 8602(b).
Should any test piece fail to comply with the requirements specified for the prestressing steel,
the material represented by that sample shall not be used without further testing and shall be
replaced with materials conforming to the specifications if further testing confirms that they
do not comply with the specifications.
(iv) Grout
The fluidity of grout shall be measured with a flow cone, immersion apparatus or viscometer.
The instrument shall be accurately calibrated in a laboratory so that the specified viscosity of
the grout can be controlled satisfactorily
The procedure for conducting the flow-cone test for measuring the fluidity of grout shall be as
follows.
Unless otherwise approved, the flow cone shall be as shown in figure 10100/7.
Immediately after the grout has been mixed the pre-wetted flow cone, which is held firmly
with its top rim in a level position, shall be filled with grout to the level indicated by the pre-
set pointer, whilst the bottom orifice is held closed with a finger.
As soon as the required volume of grout (+/- 1,750 ml) is reached, the finger shall be released
to allow the grout to flow out freely through the bottom orifice. A stopwatch shall be used to
determine the flow time for emptying the cone, to the nearest second
The readings obtained during grouting shall be compared with the times determined in the
laboratory for grouts of the specified viscosities.
The bleeding of grout shall be measured in a metal or glass container with an internal
diameter of approximately 100 mm and a height of approximately 120 mm. The grout and
water levels in the container shall be controlled with a metal bridge into which two adjustable
studs A and B are secured. See figure 10100/8 for details of the apparatus.
The procedure for determining the bleeding of grout shall be as follows:
Studs A and B in the metal bridge shall be adjusted and locked so that the distance from the
lower tips of the studs to the bottom of the container will be approximately 100 mm and 107
mm respectively. The volumes VA and VB for the container at the respective levels of the stud
settings shall then be determined to the nearest millilitre.
The container shall be filled with freshly mixed grout to a level where the grout will just touch
the tip of stud A, which points downwards. The bridge shall then be removed and the
container tightly sealed to prevent evaporation. The container shall then be stored at 20 OC
and kept free from vibrations for the entire duration of the test.
Three hours after the grout has been mixed, the container shall be opened and the free (bleed)
water poured off. The bridge shall be placed over the container with the tip of stud B pointing
downwards and water poured onto the grout with a measuring apparatus until the water level
touches the tip of stud B. The volume of water added shall be determined to the nearest
millilitre and designated as ∆V.
The percentage of bleeding shall be calculated from the formula:
{1-(VB – ∆V)/ VA } x 100

(c) Load test on foundation piles

The head of the test pile shall be exposed for checking position and slope. Where necessary,
the head shall be cut further back so as to expose a full bond length of main reinforcing steel,
and a suitable pile head slab for applying an axial load to the pile shall be cast. As an
alternative, the head may be cut at right angles and the load applied directly to the pile.
The test load shall be applied to the top of the pile with a hydraulic jack. Where more than
one jack is used to apply the load, all the jacks in the circuit shall be activated by the same
pumping unit. The jack(s) shall be so placed as to ensure that the load is applied axially.
The applied load shall be calculated in accordance with the hydraulic pressure, which shall be
monitored by two pressure meters in the circuit. The pressure meter shall be calibrated in
divisions not exceeding 2% of the maximum pressure applied, and the range of the meters
shall not exceed 150% of the maximum pressure. The jack(s) and meters shall be calibrated
by an approved testing laboratory not more than 4 weeks before the tests will commence.
The deflection of the pile head shall be measured with two scale rulers and two dial
extensometers. The scale rulers shall be fixed to the pile and placed on both sides of the pile
on a diameter line, and the dial extensometers shall be similarly placed but on a diameter line
at right angles to that in which the scale rulers have been mounted.
Level measurements shall be taken on the scale rulers, and reduced as a level mark to a
similar scale ruler placed at a distance from the test pile. All three scale rulers shall be
calibrated in millimetres and the level-indicating instrument shall be capable of taking
readings to 0.5 mm. and approximate readings of up to 0.1 mm.
The dial extensometers shall have a range of 50 mm, and shall be marked in 0.1 mm divisions
to enable measurements to 0.05 mm to be taken. The plungers of the extensometer shall rest
on a machined metal or glass surface.
The extensometers shall be supported by one or more beams kept in the shade. The supports
for the beams shall be so placed as to limit the effect of earth movements around the test pile
on the deflection readings.
The test load shall be applied in increments of 20 per cent of the specified working load to a
maximum test load equal to twice the specified working load or the ultimate test load
whichever is the smaller.
A load increment may not be applied before the subsidence or heave rate has stabilized at a
rate of not more than 0.10 mm in 20 minutes under the load applied.
After the loading has been completed the maximum test load shall be maintained until the
movement is less than 0.2 mm within a period of 24 hours. The load shall be removed in
decrements of 20 per cent of the specified working load at intervals of not less than 20
minutes.
After the load has been removed the readings on both meters registering the movement of the
pile shall be recorded accurately to 0.1 mm. at intervals of 5, 10 and 20 minutes, and then
every 30 minutes until the load is changed. The final recovery shall be recorded 24 hours after
the maximum test load has been removed.
During the test, the pile shall be loaded with up to 100 per cent of the specified working load,
and the load shall then be removed. It shall then be loaded to the maximum test load after
which the test load shall be removed.

10113 TESTS ON SILICONE SEALANTS

The following tests on silicone sealants will apply as determined in sub-clause 7102(f)(iv).
(a) Bond to cement mortar

Three briquettes, shaped in accordance with AASHTO T-132 and moisture-cured for at least
28 days, shall be sawn in half, cleaned and dried to a constant mass in an oven at a
temperature of 110 OC +/- 5 OC. After having cooled they shall be bonded with approximately
0.25 mm of silicone sealant and tested with clamps, which comply with AASHTO T-132.
They shall be tested under stress at a loading rate of 7.62 mm/minute.
(i) Non-adhesive period

Prepare the specimens in a mould with an area exceeding that of the 6.35 mm thick brass
weight described below. Place a 30 g brass weight with dimensions of 41.28 mm x 25.4 mm x
3.18 mm on a polyethylene strip applied to the sample after the specified curing period. After
the weight has been removed the polyethylene strip is removed by pulling it off at an angle of
90 degrees to the mix and at a rate of 25.4 mm in 5 seconds. No material may adhere to the
polyethylene while it is non-adhesive.
(ii) Deformability and adhesion

Prepare concrete blocks of 25.4 mm x 25.4 mm x 76.2 mm in accordance with ASTM C-719.
A sawn surface is used as the bonding surface. Seal 50.8 mm of the block and leave 12.7 mm
at each end of the specimen unsealed. The sealant shall be 9.5 mm thick and 12.7 mm wide.
Cure the specimen for 7 days in air at 25 OC +/- 1.7 OC. and for 7 days in water at 25 OC +/-
1.7 OC. Subject the sealant to deformation in accordance with ASTM C-719. The ductility or
compressive rate shall be 3.18 mm per hour. One cycle is defined as extension to a width of
25.4 mm and returning to the initial width of 12.7 mm.
10114 TESTS ON GEOTEXTILES AND GEOTEXTILE-SOIL COMPATIBILITY TESTS

Where the term geotextile is used, it shall mean synthetic-fibre filter fabric.
(a) Puncture resistance tests on geotextiles
(i) Apparatus (see figure 10100/9)

1. Clamping device
The specimen shall be positioned and clamped by means of a suitable clamping
device that consists of:
• A mounting-platen/supporting-sleeve assembly;
• An upper and a lower clamping ring provided with the necessary securing
bolts, guide pins and V-grooved concentric matching rings for securing the
specimen.
2. Mounting device
The specimen shall be positioned in the clamping rings, in a true plane, free from
folds and stress, by means of a suitable mounting device that consists of:
• A metal base plate at least 4 mm thick;

• A centering device secured to the base plate;

• A means of preventing the rotation of the upper clamping ring when the first
two bolts are tightened (two short sockets welded to the base plate will retain
the bolt heads).
3. Cone assembly
The cone assembly shall consist of:
• A polished brass cone with the following dimensions:
• generating angle of cone = 45°.
• gradius of point of cone = 0.5 mm.
• overall diameter = 50 mm.
• mass of falling assembly = 1kg:
• A means of retaining the point of the cone at a height of 500 mm above the
specimen together with a suitable release system.
4. Measuring device
A suitable conical measuring device with a mass of 700 g +/- 10 g and graduated
from zero to 50 mm diameter at 2 mm intervals over a length of 200 mm to measure
the diameter of the hole formed in the specimen. The device shall have a polished
surface.
5. Marking and cutting stencil
A suitable metal stencil with a handhold and studs to secure the stencil on the
sample, capable of accurately locating the position of bolt holes and pin holes on the
specimen. The holes in the stencil shall be 13 mm diameter, i.e. 2 mm larger than the
holes to be cut into the specimen.
6. Felt pen and punch
• A 3 mm diameter felt-tipped pen.
• A punch capable of cutting 11 mm diameter holes in the specimen.
• A suitable cutting device
• A torque wrench
(ii) Specimens
1. Dimensions of specimens
Specimens shall be either 250 mm x 250 mm square. or circular with a diameter of
282 mm.
2. Number of specimens
At least 10 specimens shall be tested.
3. Preparation of specimens
The position of the holes on the specimen shall be marked through the stencil with
the felt-tipped pen. The specimens shall be cut by means of the metal stencil. With
the aid of the stencil, mark on the conditioned sample the positions of the required
specimens, together with the positions of the holes for bolts and locating pins. The

specimens shall be set out in two rows equally spaced across the width of the sample.
The spacing of the specimens shall be as specified, except that the distance between
the two rows shall be 150 mm. Where the width of the sample does not allow all the
specimens to be set out in two rows, the number of rows shall be increased.
Carefully cut each specimen from the sample as specified. Centre the punch over the
marked positions and punch out the holes.
Maintain the conditioned specimens in the specified atmosphere. Test the specimens
in the testing atmosphere.
(iii) Procedure
1. Assembly
Place the lower clamping ring with bolts in position on the mounting device and
carefully position the specimen over the bolts and pins so as to ensure that the
specimen is free from stress and is lying flat on the mounting device. Position the
upper clamping ring over the bolts and pins, and carefully lower the ring onto the
specimen. Secure the ring in position by tightening the nuts to a torque of 30 Nm.
2. Testing
Ensure that the mounting-platen supporting-sleeve assembly is central with the line
of the fall of the cone.
Place the clamping-ring assembly on the supporting cylinder.
Operate the cone-release system.
Carefully remove the cone from the specimen and measure the diameter of the hole
formed in the specimen with the measuring device. The device shall be gently
lowered vertically, by hand, into the hole formed in the specimen until penetration
under its own mass stops. The diameter of the hole is taken as the graduation nearest
to the line of contact between the device and the geotextile.
Note:
It is advisable to pack the inside of the supporting cylinder with a resilient material of
sufficient thickness to prevent damage to the cone in the event of complete
penetration of the specimen.
(iv) Calculation and reporting

1. Calculation
Record the diameter of the hole formed for each specimen and calculate the average
diameter of the holes for the sample.
Round off the results correct to 2 mm.
2. Reporting
Report the value of the hole diameter for each specimen and the average diameter for
the sample.
3. Information sheet
An approved information sheet shall be completed in full for each geotextile.

(b) Permeability reduction (flow test)
(i) Apparatus
1. Water supply
A supply of water from an overhead tank with a constant head of 1,000 mm +/- 25
mm above the geotextile sample.
Permeameter with a suitable means of mounting to ensure that the permeameter
remains in a vertical position throughout the test. The permeameter shall consist of
the following:
Two 90 mm internal diameter Perspex cylinders: the bottom cylinder with a recess
for the support mesh and a breather hole.
Two Perspex end caps with inlet/outlet nozzles: machined as shown in figure
10100/10 to fit over the cylinders and to allow air bubbles to escape through the inlet
nozzle; the upper cap provided with a bleeding hole.
Three brass rods and nuts (wing nuts).
Brass or stainless steel mesh with 2.67 mm openings (standard soil sieve).
2. Cutting device
A means of cutting out a circular specimen with a diameter of at least 110 mm.
3. Miscellaneous equipment
• Containers with capacity of at least 5 litres.
• A riffler with 25.0 mm openings.
• A soil-test sieve with 13.2 mm openings.
• A balance to weigh up to 1 kg, to an accuracy of 1 g.
• Stopwatch.
• Silicone grease.
• Pans.
(ii) Specimens
1. Number of specimens
Conduct one test for each soil/geotextile combination,
2. Geotextile specimens
Mark and cut the required number of specimens and maintain them in the standard
atmosphere until they are tested.
3. Soil samples
Sieve the oven-dried soil through a 13.2 mm sieve and discard the material larger
than 13.2 mm. Riffle the remaining soil to obtain specimens of 1,000 g +/- 5 g. Place
the specimens in sample bags and label them.

(iii) Procedure
Place the geotextile specimen between the two cylinders on top of the mesh. Apply silicone
grease to ensure that water does not leak out between the two cylinders.
Mix the amount of water required to bring the soil sample to modified AASHTO optimum
moisture content (OMC). With dispersive soils, friable mudstones and heavy clays
remoulding often gives an impermeable soil mass. In such cases this step shall be omitted and
the soil sample shall be placed dry.
Place the soil sample on top of the geotextile Smooth the surface without compacting the soil.
Place the Perspex end caps in position and fasten the rods and nuts. Place the assembled
permeameter in its mounting.
Close the outlet and the breather hole in the lower cylinder and slowly fill the entire cylinder
with water from the top. Care must be taken not to disturb the surface of the soil sample. This
can be done by using a small-diameter pipe with a spray nozzle, which is inserted through the
top inlet to a height just above the soil surface. Fill the permeameter to the top of the inlet
nozzle, remove the small-diameter pipe, and connect the hose from the constant-head tank.
Remove any entrapped air bubbles through the inlet nozzle and the bleeding hole.
Open the outlet nozzle and breather hole in the lower cylinder and record the time at the
beginning of the test.
The first outflow measurement shall be taken between 1 minute and 5 minutes after the
beginning of the test. Outflow is measured by way of a container and stopwatch. The
container shall be placed under the outflow and the time to fill the 5 litre container, or the
amount of flow that occurs in 30 minutes recorded, whichever occurs first. It is not important
that exactly 5 litres or 30 minutes be used, but the time and volume shall be recorded
accurately. Record the following with each outflow measurement:
• Date and time (hours and minutes)
• Flow volume (1,000 mm = 1 ml) - Calculate flow in m3/s
• Flow time (minutes and seconds)
• Height of the sample (soil + geotextile) in mm
• Height of the water head above the bottom of the geotextile in mm (ensure that this
height remains at 1,000 mm +/- 25 mm)
• The discoloration or otherwise of the water at the outlet.
Outflow measurements shall be taken at the beginning of the test (1 minute to 5 minutes after
the outlet has been opened) and thereafter at least once a day. The test shall be continued for
at least 400 hours (17 days).
(iv) Calculations
Permeability coefficient. K
Calculate the permeability coefficient for each outflow measurement, as follows:
k = Q/iA (mm/s), where
• Q = outflow (mm3/s)
• i = hydraulic gradient = water head above geotextile (mm) / sample height (mm)

• A = cross-section area (mm2) (= 6 362 mm2 for 90 mm diameter)

The permeability reduction factor, K400, is determined at the end of the test as follows:
K400 = 100 x (K at 400 hours)/K at beginning of test (l/ m3)
If an outflow measurement has not been taken at exactly 400 hours, K at 400 hours may be
determined by linear interpolation
The degree of permeability reduction is determined by means of figure 10100/11.
(v) Information sheet

An approved information sheet shall be completed in full for each geotextile. Failure to
provide the required information may be taken as sufficient motivation for the geotextile to be
disqualified
10115 CLASSIFYING THE TESTS

For the purposes of this section tests are defined as follows:
Ordinary tests are tests that are constantly conducted by the contractor on a regular basis in
terms of clause 36 of the General Conditions of Contract and section 10100 for which no
specified pay items have been provided, and which include the following, inter alia:
• Tests for determining the properties of all natural materials provided by the contractor
for use in the works such as, inter alia, sand, stone, water, soil and gravel.
• Tests for determining the properties of processed natural materials, purchased or
produced on the site by the contractor, such as aggregate for concrete, asphalt mixes
and seals..
• Tests for determining the properties of products such as concrete and asphalt, etc.
produced specially for use on the works by the contractor, or purchased from
commercial producers or subcontractors.
• Tests on completed elements of construction such as embankments pavement layers,
concrete structures, etc. for establishing compliance with the specified properties.
• Special tests are tests that have to be conducted by the contractor only at the specific
request of the engineer, and include the following:
• Tests on commercial products such as cement, lime, paint, bituminous products, pipes,
valves, cranes and bridge bearings. The requirements are specified as a whole or in
part by reference being made to the specifications of a standards organisation such as
the SABS.
• Special tests on structures or elements of structures to determine their efficacy, for
which clear provision for payment has been made in the specifications and the bills of
quantities.
• Any test requested by the engineer purely for purposes of acceptance control. Such
tests, however, will not be classified as a special test if the test is requested because the
contractor has neglected to conduct sufficient or proper tests in terms of clause 36 of
the General Conditions of Contract and with a view to submitting the result to the
engineer for his approval of completed work or materials.

Payment will be made under the pay items of clause 10117 only in regard to special tests.
Payment for ordinary tests shall be included in the rates tendered by the contractor for the
items of work to which the ordinary tests relate.
10116 TESTING OF CONSTRUCTION WATER
(a) Compressive strength test

The average 28-day strength of three mortar cubes made with Ordinary Portland Cement and
the water that is to be tested shall be at least 90% of that of three similar cubes made with
water of known purity.
Additional tests shall be carried out to ensure that the setting time of the cement is not
adversely affected by impurities.
(b) Inorganic impurities criteria

The water used to manufacture concrete shall comply with the criteria in table 10100/3 unless
otherwise approved by the engineer.
Table 10100/3 Criteria for Inorganic Impurities in Water Used To Manufacture

Concrete
Characteristic Criteria Test Method

pH 4.5 - 8.5 SABS method 113
Sulphates Reinforced concrete: 400 ppm SABS method 212
Pre-stressed concrete: 400 ppm
Mass concrete: 1,000 ppm
Chlorides 500 ppm SABS method 202
Conductivity @ 25 OC 330 mS/m SABS method 213
Total Dissolved Solids @ Reinforced concrete: 1,500 ppm SABS method 84

18 OC Mass concrete: 3,000 ppm
Alkali, Carbonates and 1,000 ppm SABS method 837

Bicarbonates
Sugar Negative
Organic impurities 300 ppm (applicable if pH < 5 Chemical Oxidation

Demand

10117 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Item 101.01 Special tests on elastomeric bearings (150% vertical load and 150% shear
distortion) as described in sub-clause 10112(a):.......................... number (No)
The unit of measurement shall be the number of elastomeric bearings tested as described.
The tendered rate shall include full compensation for having the test conducted by an
approved laboratory, also for replacing the bearings that may possibly have been damaged
during testing.
Item 101.02 Other special tests requested by the engineer......................... provisional sum
The provisional sum provided to cover the cost of special tests as requested by the engineer in
terms of clause 10115 shall be expended in accordance with the provisions of the general
conditions of contract. Payment will not be made for any special test should the test indicate
that the specifications have not been complied with.
Item 101.03 Providing testing equipment:

(a) Rolling straight-edge .........................................................................................number (No)
(b) Core drill............................................................................................................number (No)
The unit of measurement shall be the number of each item provided. The rolling straight-edge
shall comply with the requirements of test method ST3 of TMH6. The core drill shall be of an
approved type capable of drilling cores with diameters of 100 mm and 150 mm in concrete
and asphalt respectively. It shall be provided with the necessary drilling parts.
The tendered rates shall include full compensation for providing the apparatus on the site and
making it available and using it on the site for as long as may be necessary. After the work has
been completed the contractor shall remove the apparatus from the site.
Note:
Providing testing equipment for use by the engineer.
Except for the equipment listed in item 101.03, this specification does not envisage the
provision of testing equipment by the contractor for the use of the engineer, but, where
necessary, provision shall be made therefor in the project specifications, and the relevant pay
items shall be described.

Figure 10100/1 Weathering Apparatus

Figure 10100/2 Visual Classification

Figure 10100/3 Marvil Apparatus
Figure 10100/4 Grease Ring

Figure 10100/5 Placing Of Prestik
Figure 10100/6 Placing Of Plaster Of Paris

Figure 10100/7 Flow Cone

Figure 10100/8 Metal Or Glass Container

Figure 10100/9 Cone Assembly And Measuring Device

Figure 10100/10 Permeameter for Permeability Production Tests (Flow Tests)

Figure 10100/11 Permeability Reduction Criteria

Section 10200: Quality Control (Scheme 1)
SECTION 10200: QUALITY CONTROL (SCHEME 1)
10201 SCOPE
This section describes one scheme for determining compliance with certain requirements of
the specifications in regard to the properties of materials and workmanship, by means of
measurements and tests and by applying statistical judgement plans.
It also covers the requirements in regard to the control to be exercised by the contractor to
monitor the quality of his work and materials, and the routine tests and inspection to be
carried out by the engineer.
10202 JUDGEMENT PLANS: GENERAL

Certain requirements and limit values are set out in the specifications in regard to the
properties of materials and workmanship to be supplied. Tests shall be conducted and
measurements taken to control the relevant properties of the workmanship and materials
supplied, and the results of such tests and measurements shall be assessed on the basis of the
prescribed criteria for compliance with the specified requirements.
Two methods are available for assessing compliance. For certain properties statistical
judgement plans are prescribed for assessing the test results, and, where no such statistical
judgement plan has been prescribed, materials and workmanship shall be fully in accordance
with the specified requirements and limit values.
In this section two types of statistical judgement plans are used, as follows:
Judgement plan A is used for judging measurement of the levels and thicknesses of pavement
layers. In accordance with this method the compliance of the individual results is determined
only in respect to the specified requirements: the variability of test results is not computed.
Judgement plan B is used for judging measurements of in situ densities, the strengths of
concrete, and certain other properties. In this judgement plan the variability of the values of
tests is calculated and applied where acceptance limits for sample means are determined.
Despite acceptance of those properties judged by these statistical methods, the materials or
work submitted will be rejected when other properties (which are not controlled by statistical
methods) fail to comply with the requirements of the specifications, or where there are other
causes for rejection such as obviously defective workmanship or excessively variable
properties, visible signs of poor workmanship, and similar considerations which constitute
sufficient grounds for rejecting the work without any further testing.
The engineer shall be entitled to assess separately any specified portion of a lot if, in his
opinion, it exhibits significant deviations as compared with the remainder of the lot.
In order to avoid changing the contractor's or the employer's risks, the statistical judgement
plans shall be strictly adhered to in all cases where they are used, and decisions based on these
plans shall not be altered. The validity of the decisions made on the basis of these judgement
plans shall not be disputed on the grounds of statistical theory or a specified or implied
producer’s risk, or unjust on the grounds of enrichment.
10203 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this section the following words and symbols shall have the following
meanings:

Lot
A lot is a sizeable portion of work or quantity of material, which is assessed as a unit for the
purposes of quality control, and which is selected to represent material or work produced by
essentially the same process and from essentially the same materials.
Random sample
A random sample is a group of "n" test measurements at "n" separate test positions or on "n"
sample portions obtained from the lot in an unbiased manner.
Random sampling shall mean stratified random sampling, unless inconsistent with the
context.
Sample mean ( x )
n
x is the arithmetic mean of a set of "n" test results constituting the sample.
n
Sample standard deviation ( S n )

The sample standard deviation ( S n ) is defined by
S n
= (¦ x − n x )÷ (n−1 ) , where:
2 2
x is the sample mean

n
x is the value of an individual sample portion, i.e. an individual test result or

measurement.
n is the sample size, i.e. the number of individual test results or measurements.
Specification limit (Ls)

The Specification limit is the limit value of the property of any product outside which not
more than a certain specified percentage ( φ ) of the population of values representing an
acceptable product property is allowed to lie. The specification limit may be a single lower
limit Ls, or a single upper limit L's, or a double limit consisting of a lower limit Ls and an
upper limit L's.
Acceptance limit (La)
The Acceptance limit is the limit value of the sample mean within which the lot will be
accepted. For a lower-limit specification this acceptance limit is denoted by La. For an
upper-limit specification, this acceptance limit is denoted by L'a. For a double limit
specification, the lower and upper limits are denoted by La and L'a respectively.
Conditional acceptance
Conditional acceptance is the acceptance of a lot at reduced payment in lieu of rejection.
Conditional acceptance shall be subject to the provisions of clause 10208.
Rejection limit (Lr)
The Rejection limit is the limit value of the sample mean outside which conditional
acceptance cannot be considered. It may be a lower limit Lr or an upper limit L'r.

Payment reduction factor (fr)

The Payment reduction factor is the factor by which payment at contract rates shall be
multiplied for calculating the payment for conditionally accepted work.
Outliers
Where, in a sample one, or more test results differ significantly from the other values
obtained, this difference could be ascribed to an assignable cause, in which case such test
result shall be regarded as an outlier and disregarded when assessing the lot.
To determine whether or not a test result is an outlier, the procedure given in sub-clause
10204(d) shall be adopted.
Factors ka, kad, kr, and krd
These factors are used for calculating the various judgement limits, as follows:
Acceptance limits (La and L'a)
ka is used for determining the acceptance limits for single-limit specifications
kad is used for determining the acceptance limits for double-limit specifications.
Rejection limits (Lr and L'r):
Only when specified in the project specifications that rejection limits shall be determined in
accordance with the provisions of clause 10211, the factors kr and krd shall be used.
kr is used for determining the rejection limits in the case of a single-limit specification.
krd is used for determining the rejection limits in the case of a double-limit specification.
The factors ka, kad, kr and krd shall apply to both a first submission and a resubmission.
φ (%)
φ is the maximum percentage of a statistical population of values of a product property
permitted to lie outside the specification limits where the product may still be regarded as
being acceptable. Values for φ may be obtained from table 10200/8.
First submission
The submission of a lot for approval will be classified as a first submission when actually
submitted for the first time or when submitted for a second time on the basis of a second set of
test values to be regarded as a first submission in terms of sub-clause 10204(e), because the
properties of the first and the second sets of test values differ significantly.
Resubmission
The submission of a lot for approval for a second time shall be classified as a resubmission
should it be regarded as a resubmission in terms of sub-clause 10204(e), because the
properties of the first and second sets of test values do not differ significantly.
Rehabilitation and repair work
For rehabilitation or repair works the definitions of lot, lot size and sample size shall be as
specified in the project specifications or as directed by the engineer.

10204 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
(a) Determining lot size
(i) Road construction layers

The lot size shall normally be a section compacted in one process where essentially the same
materials and construction equipment have been used. Where production is on a continuous
basis, a lot shall normally mean the product of one day's work and shall not exceed the
product of two full days' work. However, a lot of any smaller size may be ordered by the
engineer where:
• the properties under investigation exhibit abnormal local variation within the
normal lot size;
• an area is obviously of a different quality than the rest;
• the rate of production is very high.
For rehabilitation or repair work the lot size shall be as specified in the project specifications,
or as determined by the engineer.
(ii) Concrete
The lot size shall be determined by the engineer, with due regard to the size and the type of
structure in which the concrete is placed, the specific portion of the structure and the total
quantity of concrete placed in a day. The lot sizes in concrete structures could therefore vary
considerably, and, particularly in the case of small structures, it could be necessary to combine
samples of the same grade of concrete from different structures, provided that the concrete is
obtained from the same concrete plant and is cast in the same period.
(iii) Other
In other cases, as for example in material stockpiles where the definition of a lot in
accordance with sub-clause 10203 (a) does not apply directly the engineer will determine lot
sizes in each case according to the circumstances.
(b) Random sampling

When any lot is tested, whether a normal sized lot or an isolated section, which clearly
exhibits an abnormal variation of the property under consideration, all samples shall be taken
in a stratified random pattern. For this purpose use shall be made of tables of random
numbers, and the instructions in publication TMH5, Sampling for Road Construction
Materials, shall be followed.
(c) Sample sizes

For purposes of acceptance control, the engineer will, in advance, determine sample size "n".
No sample size may be smaller than that given in sub-clause 10205(a) and table 10200/8. For
rehabilitation or repair work the sample size shall be as specified in the project specifications
or prescribed by the engineer.

(d) Outliers
Test results shall be scanned for possible outliers. Where a test result deviates greatly from the
remainder in a lot, it shall, if possible, be re-examined by further testing and, if there is
reasonable evidence to suggest that the test result is erroneous, it shall be regarded as an
outlier, rejected, and replaced with a fresh test result.
Where repeating a test or re-examining a test result is impossible, Method 1 shall be used for
identifying outliers for all work, except roadbase and bituminous pavement and surfacing
layers. Method 2 shall be used for identifying outliers for roadbase and bituminous pavement
and surfacing layers.
(i) Method 1
Calculate the value of To from: To = (x − x )÷ S
o n n
Where:
x n
and S n
are respectively the sample arithmetic mean and standard deviation, and
x o
is the value of the test result differing most from the mean.
Compare the value of To with the value of T for the applicable value of "n", from table
10200/1.
If the absolute value of To is greater than T, then xo is an outlier.
Table 10200/1 Critical Values (Except Roadbase and Asphalt Mixes)
Number of observations Critical value

(n) (T)
4 1.46
5 1.67
6 1.82
7 1.94
8 2.03
9 2.11
10 2.18
11 2.23
12 2.29
13 2.33
14 2.37
15 2.41
16 2.44
17 2.47
18 2.50
19 2.53
20 2.56
Where S n
is very small, it may be the cause for a value being wrongly classified as an
outlier. For this purpose a minimum value S n
(min) shall be determined for S n
as follows:

2
S n
(min) = ( x0.99 : n - 1) / (n - 1) , where:
2 2
x 0.99
: n -1 = x 0.99
for (n - 1) degrees of freedom as obtained from table 10200/2; and
S = mean value for

n S n
for the particular property as determined by records of previous
work.
Every outlier shall be deleted, and, if possible, be replaced with a new random test value.
2
Table 10200/2 Values Of x 0.99
Distribution
2 2 2
(n - 1) x 0.99
(n - 1) x 0.99
(n - 1) x 0.99
1 0.000157 11 3.053 21 8.897

2 0.0201 12 3.571 22 9.542
3 0.115 13 4.107 23 10.196
4 0.297 14 4.660 24 10.856
5 0.554 15 5.229 25 11.524
6 0.872 16 5.812 26 12.198
7 1.239 17 6.408 27 12.879
8 1.646 18 7.015 28 13.565
9 2.088 19 7.633 29 14.256
10 2.558 20 8.260 30 14.953
(ii) Method 2
In the case of roadbase and asphalt work the following procedure shall be used for identifying
outliers where it is impossible to repeat a test or to reinvestigate a test result:
Calculate the absolute value Co from: Co = / xo - x /
n
Where x o
represents the possible outlier.
Compare Co with the critical value C = C0.01; nσ
Where σ is the standard deviation of the population derived from historical data.
If the absolute value Co > C, the test result x o
shall be regarded as an outlier and shall be
excluded from the sample.
The critical values for different values of "n" are given in tables 10200/3 and 10200/4 for the
different product properties.

Table 10200/3 Outlier Test for Roadbase: Critical Values
CRITICAL VALUES C
For For sieve size (mm)
n percentage 26.5 19.0 13.2 4.75 2.00 0.425 0.075 For PI
compaction
4 4.1 6.1 8.5 8.5 7.3 5.6 3.6 3.2 2.4
5 4.4 6.4 9.0 9.0 7.7 5.9 3.9 3.3 2.6
6 4.6 6.7 9.4 9.4 8.0 6.2 4.0 3.5 2.7
7 4.7 6.9 9.7 9.7 8.3 6.3 4.1 3.6 2.8
8 4.8 7.1 9.9 9.9 8.5 6.5 4.2 3.7 2.8
8 4.9 7.2 10.1 10.1 8.6 6.6 4.3 3.7 2.9
10 4.9 7.3 10.2 10.2 8.7 6.7 4.4 3.8 2.9
Table 10200/4 Outlier Test for Asphalt: Critical Values C
CRITICAL VALUES C
n For density For bitumen For voids in mix
content
4 3.2 0.4 2.3
5 3.3 0.5 2.4
6 3.5 0.5 2.5
7 3.6 0.5 2.6
Every outlier shall be discarded and replaced by another random test value. The sample mean
x and the sample standard deviation S n shall then be recalculated. If an outlier cannot be
n
replaced, the sample mean and standard deviation shall be calculated on the basis of the
remaining test results. The final number of test results used in the assessment after the
elimination of an outlier shall never be less than four.
(e) Resubmission
Where a lot has been accepted conditionally or has been rejected, the engineer may agree to
its resubmission for approval if:
it has been reworked and the engineer is satisfied that a proper attempt was made to improve
the properties which were unacceptable;
or
where, in his opinion, there are valid technical reasons therefor.
In both cases a fresh sample shall be taken, and a fresh (second) set of test values determined.
The first and second sets of test values shall then be compared with each other to determine
whether their properties differ significantly.
Where in the opinion of the engineer a significant difference does occur, the submission of the
lot shall be regarded as a first submission and be assessed as such, and only the second set of
test values shall then be used for this purpose.

Where in the opinion of the engineer no significant difference occurs, the submission of the
lot shall be regarded and assessed as a resubmission, which will mean, inter alia, that the first
and second sets of test values shall be combined for purposes of assessment.
In order to be able to determine theoretically whether there is a significant difference between
the two sets of test values (suffixes a and b), the Fisher F-test shall be conducted, and, if
necessary, also the t-test, all as described below.
The Fisher F-test is conducted as follows:
2 2
Calculate the value of F = S g ÷ S k , where:
S g
= the greater value of S a
and S b
S k
= smaller value of S a
and S b
The value of F 0.05

, U g , U k is obtained from table 10200/5 where
U g
= sample size minus one, from the sample with the larger standard deviation.
U k
= sample size minus one, from the sample with the smaller standard deviation.
Where F >F 0.5

, U g , U k a significant difference occurs theoretically between the two sets
of test values, but where F <F 0.5
, U ,U g k
the difference is not necessarily significant,
and the t-test shall also be conducted with a view to obtaining a decision.
The t-test is conducted as follows:
Calculate S = {(n − 1)S + (n − 1)S }÷ (n + n − 2)

a
2
a b
2
b a b
Then calculate t = x − x ÷ S (1 / n
a b a
+ 1 / nb )
Where x −x
a b
is the absolute value of the difference between x a
and x b
and is always
positive.
Determine the degrees of liberty U = na + nb − 2
The value of t 0.05

,U is obtained from table 10200/6.
Where t >t 0.05

,U a significant difference occurs between the two sets of results, and if
t <t 0.05
,U there is no significant difference.

Table 10200/5 Values of F Distribution (Σ = 0.05)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30
Ug
Uk
1 161.44 200.00 216.00 225.00 230.00 234.00 237.00 239.00 241.00 242.00 243.00 244.00 245.00 245.00 246.00 246.00 247.00 247.00 248.00 248.00 249.00 249.00 249.00 250.00 250.00
2 18.51 19.00 19.20 19.20 19.30 19.30 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.50 19.50 19.50 19.50 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.73 8.71 8.70 8.69 8.68 8.67 8.67 8.66 8.65 8.64 8.63 8.62 8.62
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.98 5.87 5.86 5.84 5.83 5.82 5.81 5.80 5.79 5.77 5.76 5.75 5.75
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.66 4.64 4.62 4.60 4.59 4.58 4.57 4.56 4.54 4.53 4.52 4.50 4.50
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90 3.88 3.87 3.86 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.81
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.51 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.46 3.44 3.43 3.41 3.40 3.39 3.38
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.09 3.08
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.89 2.87 2.86
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.80 2.78 2.77 2.75 2.74 2.72 2.71 2.70
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.69 2.67 2.66 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.58 2.57
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.51 2.49 2.48 2.47
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.50 2.48 2.47 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.39 2.38
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.31
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.25
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.19
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.26 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.16 2.15
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.11
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.05 2.04
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.11 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 2.00 1.98
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.88
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.87
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.8
4

Table 10200/6 Values for T-Distribution (Σ = 0.05)
U t U t U t
1 6.3138 11 1.7959 21 1.7207
2 2.9200 12 1.7823 22 1.7171
3 2.3534 13 1.7709 23 1.7139
4 2.1318 14 1.7613 24 1.7109
5 2.0150 15 1.7530 25 1.7081
6 1.9432 16 1.7459 26 1.7056
7 1.8946 17 1.7396 27 1.7033
8 1.8595 18 1.7341 28 1.7011
9 1.8331 19 1.7291 29 1.6991
10 1.8125 20 1.7247 30 1.6973
10205 JUDGEMENT PLAN A (SURFACE LEVELS AND LAYER THICKNESSES)

Surface levels and layer thicknesses shall be judged in accordance with the following
procedure:
(a) Taking the levels

Level measurements shall be taken in a random pattern, before and after a layer has been
constructed, and levels shall be taken at exactly the same point before and after construction.
Layer thicknesses will then be determined as the difference between the pre- and post-
construction levels, but may be supplemented by determinations made by means of holes
made in the layer.
The number of measurements of layer thicknesses shall be at least 30, and that of surface
levels at least 50. Larger sample sizes will give more reliable results.
In the case of asphalt layers, the engineer may require that layer thicknesses be determined
only by means of measurements taken on drilled cores, in which case the minimum number of
cores shall be 20 per lot and not 30.
For rehabilitation or repair work the number of measurements shall be as specified in the
project specifications or as directed by the engineer.
(b) Calculating the deviations

Compute the difference between the specified level or thickness and the actual level or
thickness. Compute the mean thickness of the layer.
(c) Identifying outliers

Check this work by re-measuring any results that may possibly be defective.
(d) Assessing the results

The following criteria will apply when results are assessed:

(i) Surface levels

The lot will comply with the requirements specified for surface levels if at least 90% of all
surface levels are within the H90 tolerance specified in each case, before any level corrections
are made.
Individual spots, where the surface level deviates by more than the Hmax tolerance specified in
each case, shall be repaired to bring them to within the H90 tolerance.
(ii) Layer thickness

The layer will comply with the requirements specified for layer thickness if at least 90% of all
thickness measurements taken are equal to or thicker than the specified thickness, minus the
D90 tolerance specified in the relevant section, before any thickness corrections are made, and
the mean layer thickness for the lot is not less than the specified layer thickness minus the
Dave tolerances specified in each case.
Individual spots, where the actual thickness is less than the specified thickness minus the
Dmax tolerance specified in each case, shall be locally repaired to bring them within the D90
tolerance.
10206 JUDGEMENT PLAN B

The characteristic properties to be controlled in accordance with this judgement scheme are as
shown in table 10200/7.
Table 10200/7 Characteristic Properties: Judgement Plan B
Structure Characteristic
Gravel pavement layers Relative compaction
Crushed-stone base or subbase Relative compaction
Asphalt base and surfacing Relative compaction

Binder content of mix
Voids in mix
Chemically stabilized layers Stabilizing agent content
Concrete Compressive strength
The procedure to be followed when assessing the above properties shall be as follows:
(a) Taking samples and testing the properties

Determine the sample size (n) by taking into consideration the minimum sample sizes given
in table 10200/8, and take the samples in a stratified random pattern as specified in sub-clause
10204(b). Conduct the appropriate tests.
For rehabilitation or repair work the sample size shall be as specified in the project
specifications or as directed by the engineer.

(i) Identifying outliers

Outliers shall be identified, not taken into account, and, if possible, replaced with fresh test
values, all as prescribed in sub-clause 10204(d).
Table 10200/8 Minimum Sample Sizes For Concrete (Structural)
Size of lot (m3) Minimum sample size (n)

0 - 20 4
21 – 40 6
41 – 70 9
71 – 100 12
101 – 150 14
> 150 16
(ii) Calculating standard deviation and the mean of sample values

Use the sample results for calculating the standard deviation S n
and the mean x n
of the
sample values in accordance with definitions in clause 10203.
Where it is a resubmission (as defined in clause 10203), the first and second sets of sample
results shall be used for determining a combined sample mean x , standard deviation S ab
ab
and sample size nab as determined in formula 10200/1.
(iii) Determining the judgement limits

All judgement limits shall be computed to three decimal figures.
1. First submission
The acceptance limits La and L'a are calculated in accordance with the formulas given
below in the case of a first submission (as defined in clause 10203).
Formula 10200/1
n ab
= na + nb
x ab
= (n x + n x )÷ (n + n )
a a b b a b
S ab
= ª«®(na − 1) S a + (nb − 1) S b + na
¬¯
2 2
(x ab − x a) + n (x ab − xb) ½¾¿ ÷ (n + n − 1)º»¼
2
b
2
a b
where:
subscript “a” refers to the first set of test values,
subscript “b” refers to the second set of test values
subscript “ab” refers to the combined properties.
• For a lower-limit specification

La = LS + Sn.ka

Accept the lot if the sample mean x is equal to or greater than the acceptance limit
n
La, otherwise reject the lot.
• For an upper-limit specification
L'a = L's - Sn.ka
Accept the lot if the sample mean x is equal to or less than the acceptance limit L'a,
n
otherwise reject the lot.
• For a double-limit specification calculate
La = LS + Sn.kad
L'a = L's - Sn.kad
Accept the lot if the sample mean falls between the lower acceptance limit La
x n
and the upper acceptance limit L'a or is equal to either one, otherwise reject the lot.
Where a lot has been rejected, it may nevertheless be considered for conditional
acceptance in terms of clause 10208.
2. Resubmission
Where a lot is resubmitted for approval in terms of sub-clause 10204(e) the
acceptance limits are determined as follows:
• For a single-limit specification
La = LS + Sab.ka
L'a = L's – Sab.ka
Accept the lot if xab ≥ La in the case of a lower-limit specification and if xab ≤ L'a in
the case of an upper limit specification, otherwise reject the lot.
• For a double-limit specification
La = LS + Sab.kad
L'a = L's – Sab.kad
Accept the lot if La ≤ xab ≤ L'a. If not, reject the lot.
The values of ka and kad used in the above cases shall agree with the sample size
nab.
Where a resubmitted lot is rejected, it may nevertheless be considered for conditional
acceptance in terms of clause 10208.
The evaluation of a resubmitted lot shall be final and binding on both employer and
contractor. The provisions of this section shall be strictly complied with.
Where a resubmitted lot is rejected, the contractor shall be obliged to bear the costs
of the additional tests conducted on the resubmitted lot.

(iv) Values of constants

The values of the specification limits Ls and L's are given in the relevant sections of the
specifications and are briefly summarised in table 10200/9. The minimum sample size "n" and
the maximum percentage of defectives ( φ ) in an acceptable product are also given in the
table.
The values of ka and kad are given in tables 10200/10 and 10200/11.
Table 10200/9 Values Of Constants N, Ls, L's And φ
Material Properties Minimum Ls L's φ

sample (Lower (Upper (%)
size specification specification
n limit) limit)
Selected subgrade Relative compaction 4 90%, 93% or - 15
95%
Subbase Relative compaction 6 95% or 97% - 15
Gravel roadbase Relative compaction 6 98% and if
- 15
stabilised, 97%
Crushed stone: Relative compaction 6 See Divisions
- 15
subbase or roadbase 5100 & 5200
Asphalt base or Relative compaction 6 15
surfacing Binder content 6 See note 1 See note 1 15
Voids 4 15
Chemically stabilized Cementitious binder 10
See note 2 See note 2 10
layers content
Strength concrete Compressive strength See table See notes 3 and 4
5
(structural) (28 days) 10200/8
Pavement concrete Compressive strength 6 See sub-clause
5
(28 days) 7102(J)(a)(1)
Notes (Table 10200/9)

(6) Asphalt base or surfacing:
Specification limits for :
• Density Ls = (97 - percentage of voids in approved production mix) % of theoretical
maximum density (see clause 6410)
• Binder content (conventional and homogeneous modified binders)
For continuously and semi-gap graded mixes
Ls = specified binder content - 0.30% binder
L's = specified binder content + 0.30% binder
For gap graded mixes. slurry seals and non-homogeneous modified binders
Ls = specified binder content - 0.40% binder
L's = specified binder content + 0.40% binder

• Voids
Ls = specified values - 1.5 percentage points
L's = specified values + 1.5 percentage points
(2) Specification limits for cementitious-binder content
Ls = 70% of the specified cementitious-binder content or as ordered by the engineer.
(3) Specification limits for compressive strength of concrete
Ls = the specified 28-day cube characteristic strength (see clause 8404, e g. for class 25/38
concrete, Ls = 25 MPa.)
Table 10200/10 Values Of Ka (Single Limits)
Sample size ka
(n) φ =5% φ =10% φ =15%
4 0.747 0.445 0.220
5 0.821 0.520 0.300
6 0.878 0.576 0.358
7 0.923 0.620 0.403
8 0.961 0.656 0.440
9 0.993 0.687 0.470
10 1.020 0.713 0.496
12 1.065 0.755 0.538
14 1.101 0.789 0.571
16 1.131 0.817 0.598
18 1.155 0.840 0.620
20 1.177 0.860 0.640
(v) Requirements for non-structural concrete

Where any concrete sections or parts are indicated by the engineer or on the drawings as
being non-structural, the statistical judgement scheme shall not apply, and only compliance
with the specified characteristic strength will be required. Compliance with the specified
characteristic strength means that the mean strength of the sample shall be at least equal to the
specified characteristic strength, and no single test result may be lower than the specified
characteristic strength minus 5 MPa.
10207 CONTROLLING MORE THAN ONE PROPERTY

Where more than one property of a lot is to be controlled, the lot shall be accepted if all the
properties comply with the specified requirements, but the lot shall be rejected if one or more
of the properties do not comply with the specified requirements, or the lot may be
conditionally accepted subject to the requirements of clause 10208.

Table 10200/11 Values Of Kad (Double Limits)
Sample size kad

(n) φ = 5% φ = 10% φ = 15% φ = 20%
4 0.605 0.299 0.061 -0.161
5 0.691 0.390 0.163 -0.038
6 0.756 0.456 0.235 0.043
7 0.809 0.509 0.290 0.103
8 0.852 0.551 0.334 0.149
9 0.888 0.587 0.370 0.188
10 0.919 0.617 0.401 0.219
12 0.971 0.666 0.451 0.271
14 1.012 0.706 0.489 0.310
16 1.046 0.738 0.521 0.342
18 1.074 0.764 0.547 0.369
20 1.099 0.787 0.570 0.391
10208 CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE
(a) General
Where a lot is rejected under statistical judgement plan B but the test results are such that the
lot complies with the requirements for conditional acceptance specified hereafter, the engineer
may accept the lot conditionally, that is, the lot may be accepted at reduced payment in lieu of
complete rejection, provided that:
1) conditional acceptance shall be in the sole discretion of the engineer and not an option
which may be exercised by the contractor or a right the contractor may claim;
2) the lot is approved in respect of all other requirements not judged by a statistical
judgement plan;
3) the contractor shall have the option to remove and reinstate at his own cost conditionally
accepted work with work which complies with the requirements for acceptance at full
payment;
4) conditional acceptance and the corresponding reduced payment shall apply only in respect
of the work and properties listed in sub-clause 10208(b) below.
(b) Properties to which conditional acceptance applies

Conditional acceptance may be applied in respect of the properties listed below in table
10200/12.

Table 10200/12 Properties In Respect Of Which Conditional Acceptance May Be

Applied
Property Structure
Relative compaction (i) Asphalt base or surfacing
(ii) Chemically stabilized layers
(iii) Plant mixed paver laid layers
(See note 2)
Tar or bitumen binder content Asphalt base or surfacing
Voids in mix Asphalt base or surfacing
Cementitious binder content or Chemically stabilized layers
strength requirements
28-day-cube compressive All strength concrete (concrete
strength pavements not included. See note 1)
Notes:
1) See sub-clause 7120(f) for details regarding reduced payment in the case of inadequate
concrete strength or layer thickness in concrete pavements.
2) Crushed stone layers shall not be subject to conditional acceptance, but, where compaction
to 88% of apparent density is specified but has not been obtained, the engineer in his sole
discretion may accept the layer against payment at the rate for compaction to 86% of apparent
density, provided that the layer complies with all the requirements specified for a crushed
stone layer compacted to 86% of apparent density.
The same provisions shall apply mutatis mutandis where a specified compaction of 102% of
modified AASHTO density cannot be attained, but 100% of modified AASHTO density can
be attained.
(c) Criteria for conditional acceptance

Any lot which does not comply with the requirements for acceptance plan B may be
conditionally accepted should the value of the sample mean x lie within the rejection limits
n
given in table 10200/13.
The payment reduction factor shall be calculated in accordance with the following formula:
For conditional acceptance at a lower limit
fr = 0.67 + 0.3( x -Lr)/( La - Lr)
n
For conditional acceptance at an upper limit

fr = 0.67 + 0.3 (L'r - x )/( L'r - L'a)
n
See clause 10203 for the meaning of the symbols.

Where so required in the project specifications, the rejection limits shall be determined in
accordance with the requirements of clause 10211 instead of table 10200/13.
(d) Applying the payment-reduction factor

The payment-reduction factor shall be applied to the following payment items as relevant and
described in the specifications.

(i) Stabilized layers

Items 42.01, 42.02, 46.01, 46.02, 46.05, 46.06, 46.07, 46.08 and 46.09.
(ii) Asphalt base and surfacing

Items 64.01, 64.02, 64.03, 64.09, 64.10, 64.11, 64.12, 64.13 and 64.16.
(iii) Concrete
Items 84.01, 84.02 and 84.03.
No reduction will apply to payment items for formwork, reinforcing and prestressing tendons.
(iv) Pavement layers mixed in a central mixing plant and placed by paver
Items 71.02, 71.03, 71.12, 71.13, 71.14 and 71.15.
Table 10200/13 Rejection Limits (Lr And L'r) For Sample Mean ( x )
n
Property Structure Rejection limits (Lr and

L'r)
Relative compaction (a) Chemically stabilized Lr = (La -2.000)% of relative
layers in accordance with compaction
sections 3500 or 3700 L'r = (L'a -1.000)% of relative
(b) Asphalt base or surfacing compaction
Concrete compressive All strength concrete Lr = 0.85 La
strength (excepting that in pavement)
Bituminous binder content Asphalt Lr = (La - 0.200)% binder
(%) L'r = (L'a + 0.200)% binder
Voids in mix (%) Asphalt Lr = (La - 0.300)% voids
L'r = (L'a + 0.300)% voids
Cementitious binder content Chemically stabilized layers Lr = 0.800 La
(v) General
Where payment items are introduced into the project specifications or are changed in the
schedule of quantities, the payment reduction factor shall apply to the payment items
corresponding to the payment items mentioned above.
Where a lot is conditionally accepted in regard to more than one property, the payment-
reduction factor for each property shall be computed and the factor that gives the largest
reduction shall be applied, except in the case of concrete pavement when the provisions of
sub-clause 7120(f) shall apply.
10209 PROCESS CONTROL BY THE CONTRACTOR

The onus rests with the contractor to produce work which conforms in quality and accuracy of
detail to all the requirements of the specifications and drawings, and the contractor shall, at
his own expense, institute a quality control system and provide experienced engineers,
foremen, surveyors, materials technicians, other technicians and other technical staff,

together with all transport, Instruments and equipment, to ensure adequate supervision and
positive control of the works at all times.
The contractor shall conduct tests or have them conducted continually on a regular basis, to
check the properties of natural materials and processed natural materials and of products
manufactured on the site, such as concrete and asphalt mixes. Although not a requirement for
the contractor to conduct regular tests on any commercially produced products such a.
cement, bitumen, steel and pipes, the contractor shall remain fully responsible for any
defective material or equipment provided by him. Similarly, the quality of all elements of the
works shall be checked on a regular basis so as to ensure compliance with the requirements of
the specifications.
The intensity of control and of tests to be conducted by the contractor shall be adequate to
ensure that proper control is being exercised.
Where any natural materials or products made from natural materials are supplied, and upon
completion of each element of the construction work, the contractor shall test and check such
materials, products and/or elements for compliance with the specified requirements and shall
submit his results to the engineer for approval. Such submission shall include all his
measurements and test results and shall furnish adequate proof of compliance with the
specified requirements.
No specific pay items are provided as compensation for the above obligations, including the
provision of all samples delivered to the engineer, the repair of places from which samples
were taken, and the provision of the necessary personnel and testing apparatus and facilities,
for which compensation shall be Included in the tendered rates of the contractor for the
various items of work to which these obligations apply.
The contractor’s attention is also drawn to the provisions of clauses 10209 or 10308 in regard
to instituting specific process-control systems.
For continuous concrete and asphalt-production processes. the engineer may order the
contractor to augment the above-mentioned control system by introducing a system of process
control for monitoring the various properties to be controlled. The specific system used shall
be subject to the engineer's approval, and the attention of the contractor is drawn to the
systems described in clause 4.4 of TRH5, which is normally regarded as suitable.
The contractor shall take immediate steps to rectify any deviation from the specified
requirements indicated by his process-control system, and the engineer shall have the right to
inspect and be given all details of tests and testing procedures in order to satisfy himself that
the contractor is implementing an adequate process-control system.
10210 ROUTINE TESTS AND INSPECTION BY THE ENGINEER

The engineer will inspect and test materials and completed work at regular intervals for
compliance with the specified requirements and, where applicable, the various judgement
plans specified will be applied. The testing frequencies and sample and lot sizes for routine
testing shall be at the engineer's discretion.
All sections of completed work shall be submitted to the engineer for routine inspection and
testing. and the contractor shall not cover up or construct any work on top of sections of
completed work before being advised by the engineer of the outcome of his testing and
inspection. The contractor shall make arrangements for the submission of work for testing in a
manner which will afford the engineer reasonable opportunity for inspecting and testing the
work.

10211 DETERMINING REJECTION LIMITS IN ACCORDANCE WITH STATISTICAL

CRITERIA
Where required in the project specifications that the rejection limits be determined in
accordance with statistical criteria such as TRH5, it shall be done as follows:
For a single-limit specification
First submission
Lr = Ls + Sn.kr
L'r = L's - Sn.kr
The lot shall be accepted conditionally where x ≥ Lr in the case of a lower-limit

n
specification, or where x ≤ L'r in the case of an upper-limit specification, otherwise reject

n
the lot.
For a double-limit specification
Lr = Ls + Sab.krd
L'r = L's - Sab.krd
The lot shall be conditionally accepted where x ≥ Lr and ≤ L'r , otherwise reject the lot.
n
The values of kr and krd are given in tables 10200/14 and 10200/15.
Table 10200/14 Values Of Kr (Single-Limit Specification)
Sample kr
size (n) φ = 5% φ = 10% φ = 15%
4 0.446 0.123 -0.148
5 0.547 0.238 -0.004
6 0.622 0.320 0.089
7 0.682 0.382 0.158
8 0.732 0.432 0.211
9 0.773 0.474 0.255
10 0.809 0.509 0.292
12 0.867 0.567 0.357
14 0.914 0.612 0.397
16 0.952 0.649 0.434
18 0.985 0.680 0.465
20 1.013 0.707 0.491

Table 10200/15
VALUES OF krd (DOUBLE-LIMIT SPECIFICATION)
Sample krd
size (n) φ = 5%φ = 10%φ = 15%φ = 20%
4 0.338 -0.007 -0.324 -0.708
5 0.451 0.132 -0.130 -0.389
6 0.534 0.226 -0.016 -0.241
7 0.600 0.296 0.065 -0.144
8 0.653 0.352 0.126 -0.073
9 0.698 0.398 0.176 -0.018
10 0.736 0.437 0.217 0.027
12 0.800 0.500 0.283 0.098
14 0.850 0.550 0.334 0.152
16 0.891 0.590 0.375 0.194
18 0.926 0.624 0.409 0.229
20 0.956 0.653 0.438 0.259

SECTION 10300: QUALITY CONTROL (SCHEME 2)
10301 SCOPE
This section describes one scheme used for determining compliance with certain requirements
of the specifications in regard to the properties of materials and workmanship, by means of
tests and measurements and by applying statistical judgement plans.
It also covers the requirements in regard to the control to be exercised by the contractor for
monitoring the quality of his work and materials, and the routine tests and inspections to be
carried out by the engineer.
10302 JUDGEMENT PLANS: GENERAL

Certain requirements and limit values are set out in the specifications in regard to the
properties of materials and workmanship to be supplied. Tests shall be conducted and
measurements taken to control the relevant properties of the workmanship and materials
supplied, and the results of such tests and measurements shall be assessed on the basis of the
prescribed criteria for compliance with the specified requirements.
Wherever possible, acceptance criteria shall be determined by way of statistical principles
described in this section. Wherever impracticable and where no statistical judgement criteria
have been prescribed, there shall be full compliance with the requirements and limit values in
the specifications.
Despite acceptance of those properties judged by these statistical methods, the materials or
work submitted will be rejected when other properties (which are not controlled by statistical
methods) fail to comply with the requirements of the specifications, or where there are other
causes for rejection such as obviously defective workmanship or excessively variable
properties, visible signs of poor workmanship, and similar considerations which constitute
sufficient grounds for rejecting the work without any further testing.
The engineer shall be entitled to assess separately any specified portion of a lot if, in his
opinion, it exhibits significant deviations as compared with the remainder of the lot.
In order to avoid changing the contractor's or the employer's risks, the statistical judgement
plans shall be strictly adhered to in all cases where they are used, and decisions based on these
plans shall not be altered. The validity of the decisions made on the basis of these judgement
plans shall not be disputed on the grounds of statistical theory or a specified or implied
producer’s risk, or unjust on the grounds of enrichment.
10303 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this section the following definitions of terms and symbols shall apply:
(a) Lot
A lot is a sizeable portion of work or quantity of material which is assessed as a unit for the
purposes of quality control, and selected to represent material or work produced by essentially
the same process and from essentially the same materials.

(b) Random sample

A random sample is a group of "n" test measurements at "n" separate test positions or on "n"
sample portions obtained from the lot in an unbiased manner.
Random sampling shall mean stratified random sampling, unless inconsistent with the context
(c) Sample mean ( x )

n
x is the arithmetic mean of a set of "n" test results constituting the sample.
n
(d) Specification limit (Ls)

This is the limit value of the property of any product outside which not more than a specified
percentage ( φ ) of the population of values representing an acceptable product property is
allowed to lie. The specification limit may be a single lower limit Ls, or a single upper limit
L's or a double limit consisting of a lower limit Ls and an upper limit L's.
(e) Acceptance limit for sample mean (La)

This is the limit value of a product property within which the sample mean shall lie for a
product to be acceptable.
For a lower-limit specification, the acceptance limit is denoted by La. For an upper-limit
specification, this acceptance limit is denoted by L'a. For a double-limit specification, the
lower and upper limits are denoted by La and L'a.
(f) Acceptance limits for individual test values Le

These are the limit values of a product property within which the sample values representing a
product shall lie for the product to be acceptable.
The limit values will depend on the sample sizes "n" and may be a lower limit Le, an upper
limit L'e, or double limits Le and L'e.
(g) Conditional acceptance

This is the acceptance of a lot at reduced payment in lieu of rejection. Conditional acceptance
shall be subject to the provisions of clause 10307.
(h) Outliers
Where, in a sample, one or more test results differ significantly from the other values
obtained, this difference could be ascribed to an assignable cause, in which case such test
result shall be regarded as an outlier and disregarded when assessing the lot.
To determine whether or not a test result is an outlier, the method given in sub-clause
10304(d) shall be adopted.
(i) First submission

The submission of a lot for approval will be classified as a first submission when actually
submitted for the first time or when submitted for a second time on the basis of a second set of

test values which shall be regarded as a first submission in terms of sub-clause 10304(e),
because the properties of the first and the second set of test values differ significantly.
(j) Resubmission
The submission of a lot for approval for a second time shall be classified as a resubmission
should it be regarded as a resubmission in terms of sub-clause 10304(e), as the properties of
the first and second sets of test values do not differ significantly.
(k) Payment reduction factor (fr)

This is the factor by which payment at contract rates shall be multiplied for calculating
payment for conditionally accepted work.
(l) Rehabilitation and repair work

For rehabilitation or repair works the definitions for lot, lot size and sample size shall be as
specified in the project specifications or as directed by the engineer.
10304 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
(a) Determining the lot size
(i) Road construction layers

The lot size shall normally be a section compacted in one process where essentially the same
materials and construction equipment have been used. Where production is on a continuous
basis, a lot shall normally mean the product of one day's work and shall not exceed the
product of two full days' work. However, a lot of any smaller size may be ordered by the
engineer where:
- the properties under investigation exhibit abnormal local variation within the normal lot
size;
- an area is obviously of a different quality than the rest;
- the rate of production is very high.
For rehabilitation or repair work the lot size shall be as specified in the project specifications,
or as determined by the engineer.
(ii) Concrete
The lot size shall be determined by the engineer, with due regard to the size and the type of
structure in which the concrete is placed, the specific portion of the structure, and the total
quantity of concrete placed in a day. The lot sizes in concrete structures may therefore vary
considerably, and, particularly in the case of small structures, it may be necessary to combine
samples of the same grade of concrete from different structures, provided that the concrete has
been obtained from the same concrete plant in the same period.
(iii) Other
In other cases, as for example in material stockpiles where the definition of a lot in
accordance with sub-clause 10303(a) does not apply directly, the engineer will determine lot
sizes in each case according to the circumstances.

(b) Random sampling

When any lot is tested, whether a normally sized lot or an isolated section which clearly
exhibits an abnormal variation of the properties under consideration, all samples shall be
taken in a stratified random pattern. For this purpose use shall be made of tables of random
numbers, and the instructions in publication TMH5, Sampling for Road Construction
Materials, shall be followed.
(c) Sample sizes

For purposes of acceptance control, the engineer will, in advance, determine sample size "n".
No sample size may be smaller than that given in clause 10305. For rehabilitation or repair
work the sample size shall be as specified in the project specifications or prescribed by the
engineer.
(d) Outliers
Test results shall be scanned for possible outliers. Where a test result deviates greatly from the
remainder in a lot, it shall, if possible, be re-examined by further testing, and, if there is
reasonable evidence to suggest that the test result is erroneous, it shall be regarded as an
outlier, rejected, and replaced with a fresh test result.
Where repeating a test or re-examining a test result is impossible, method 1 described below
shall be used for identifying outliers for all work except roadbase and bituminous pavement
and surfacing layers. Method 2 shall be used for identifying outliers for roadbase and
bituminous pavement and surfacing layers.
(i) Method 1
Calculate the value of To from: To = (x − x )÷ S
o n n
, where
x n
and S n
are respectively the sample arithmetic mean and standard deviation, and
x o
is the value of the test result differing most from the mean.
Compare the value of To with the value of T for the applicable value of "n", from the table
10300/1.
If the absolute value of To is greater than T, than x o
is an outlier.
Every outlier shall be discarded, and, if possible, be replaced with a new random test value.

Table 10300/1 Critical Values
No of observations Critical values (T)

(n)
4 1.46
5 1.67
6 1.82
7 1.94
8 2.03
9 2.11
10 2.18
11 2.23
12 2.29
13 2.33
14 2.37
15 2.41
16 2.44
17 2.47
18 2.50
19 2.53
20 2.56
(ii) Method 2
In the case of roadbase and asphalt work the following procedure shall be used for identifying
outliers where it is impossible to repeat a test or to reinvestigate a test result:
Calculate the absolute value Co from Co = / xo - x / , where x o
represents the possible
n
outlier.
Compare Co with the critical value C = C0.01; nσ
Where σ is the standard deviation of the population derived from historical data.
If the absolute value Co > C, then the test result x o
shall be regarded as an outlier and shall
be excluded from the sample.
The critical values for different values of "n" are given in tables 10300/2 and 10300/3 for the
different product properties.
Every outlier shall be discarded and replaced by another random test value. The sample mean
x and the sample standard deviation S n shall then be recalculated, if an outlier cannot be
n
replaced, the sample mean and standard deviation shall be calculated on the basis of the
remaining test results. The final number of test results used in the assessment after the
elimination of an outlier shall never be less than four (4).

Table 10300/2 Outlier Test For Roadbase: Critical Values C
n For For sieve size (mm)

percentage 26.5 19.0 13.2 4.75 2.00 0.425 0.075 For PI
compaction
4 4.1 6.1 8.5 8.5 7.3 5.6 3.8 3.2 2.4
5 4.4 6.4 9.0 9.0 7.7 5.9 3.9 3.3 2.6
6 4.6 6.7 9.4 9.4 8.0 6.2 4.0 3.5 2.7
7 4.7 6.9 9.7 9.7 8.3 6.3 4.1 3.6 2.8
8 4.8 7.1 9.9 9.9 8.5 6.5 4.2 3.7 2.8
9 4.9 7.2 10.1 10.1 8.6 6.6 4.3 3.7 2.9
10 4.9 7.3 10.2 10.2 8.7 6.7 4.4 3.8 2.9
Table 10300/3 Outlier Test For Asphalt: Critical Values C
CRITICAL VALUES C
n
For density For bitumen content For voids in mix
4 3.2 0.4 2.3
5 3.3 0.5 2.4
6 3.5 0.5 2.5
7 3.6 0.5 2.6
(e) Resubmission
Where a lot has been accepted conditionally or has been rejected, the engineer may agree to
its resubmission for approval if:
--it has been reworked and the engineer is satisfied that a proper attempt was made to improve
the properties which were unacceptable;
or
--where, in his opinion there are valid technical reasons therefore.
In both cases a fresh sample shall be taken, and a fresh (second) set of test values determined.
The first and second sets of test values snail then be compared with each other to determine
whether their properties differ significantly.
Where in the opinion of the engineer a significant difference does occur, the submission of the
lot shall be regarded as a first submission and assessed as such, and only the second set of test
values shall then be used for this purpose.
Where in the opinion of the engineer no significant difference occurs, the submission of the
lot shall be regarded and assessed as a resubmission. Where a lot is resubmitted, it shall be
assessed on the same basis as a first submission, except that the original and the second set of
sample results shall be combined for purposes of assessment.
10305 PROCEDURES
The statistical judgement procedures described below will apply to the corresponding product
properties for purposes of acceptance control.
Note:

For rehabilitation or repair work the number of measurements, tests or samples for acceptance
control in respect of the product properties specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) below shall be as
specified in the project specifications or prescribed by the engineer.
(a) Surface levels of fills and pavement layers

At least fifty (50) surface level measurements shall be made according to a stratified random
pattern for each lot of completed layer work, and the deviation from the corresponding
specified level shall be determined.
Outliers shall be identified and examined.
The lot will be considered to comply with the requirements in respect of surface levels if,
before any repair work is undertaken, at least 90% of the level measurements show a
deviation from the specified levels which is smaller than the H90 tolerance specified for the
layer under evaluation.
Isolated spots, where the surface levels deviate by more than the appropriate Hmax tolerance
of the specified levels shall be repaired to bring the deviation to within the H90 tolerance.
(b) Layer thicknesses of pavement layers

At least thirty (30), but preferably more, layer thicknesses shall be determined in accordance
with a stratified random pattern for each lot of completed layer work. Layer thicknesses shall
be determined by means of level measurements taken before and after construction of the
layer in exactly the same position, but may be augmented by thicknesses measurements taken
by means of holes made in the layer.
In the case of asphalt layers, the engineer may require thickness determinations to be made
only by means of measurements on drilled cores, in which case the minimum number of cores
per lot shall be twenty (20).
Outliers shall be identified, eliminated, and, if possible, replaced.
The lot will be considered to comply with the requirements for layer thicknesses if:
1) at least 90% of all the thickness measurements taken before any thickness repairs are made
is equal to or greater than the specified thickness, minus the D90 tolerances specified in the
appropriate section; and
2) the mean layer thickness of the lot is not less than the specified thickness, minus the
Dmean tolerance.
Isolated spots where the actual thickness is less than the specified thickness less the Dmax
tolerance shall be repaired so as to fall within the D90 tolerance.
(c) Relative compaction of pavement layers

At least four (4) relative density determinations shall be taken in the case of selected layers
and at least six (6) in the case of all other pavement layers in accordance with a random
pattern. After outliers have been identified and replaced, compliance with the specified
density requirements shall be determined as follows:

The sample mean x shall not less than the acceptance limit (La) for the sample mean as
n
given in table 10300/4, and no single test value shall be lower than the acceptance limit (Le)
for single values.
(d) Cementitious binder content of stabilized layers and uniformity of mix

At least fifty (50) samples shall be taken according to a random pattern and their
cementitious-binder content determined.
As described in sub-clause 10110(a), due allowance shall be made for the presence, in the
material to be stabilized, of minerals, which may affect the test results.
The quantity of cementitious binder in the mixed material, determined as specified, shall fall
within the following limits:
1) The mean cementitious-binder content shall be not less than 91% of the specified binder
content.
2) The cementitious binder content in at least 75% of the samples shall be at least 70% of the
specified binder content.
The requirements for uniformity of the mix shall apply only on condition that the variation of
these adjustments fall within the limits specified in sub-clause 10110(a).
(e) Binder content of asphalt

At least four (4) specimens of asphalt shall be taken in a random pattern and the binder
content determined.
After determining the sample mean, the lot shall be assessed using the following criteria:
The binder content of asphalt mixes shall not deviate from the specified binder content by
more than the value given in table 10300/5.

Table 10300/4 Acceptance Limits In Respect Of Compaction
Required Minimum average relative compaction Minimum value for any single test for
Layer Compactio Test Method for the following sample sizes the following sample sizes
n 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9
Selected layer 90% AASHTO T-180 density 90.1 90.4 90.6 90.7 90.9 91.0 86.4 86.2 86.0 85.9 85.8 85.7
93% AASHTO T-180 density 93.1 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.9 94.0 89.4 89.2 89.0 88.9 88.8 88.7
95% AASHTO T-180 density 95.1 95.4 95.6 95.7 95.9 96.0 91.4 91.2 91.0 90.9 90.8 90.7
100% AASHTO T-180 density 100.1 100.4 100.6 100.8 100.9 101.0 96.4 96.2 96.0 95.9 95.8 95.7
Subbase 95% AASHTO T-180 density 95.1 95.4 95.6 95.7 95.9 96.0 91.4 91.2 91.0 90.9 90.8 90.7
96% AASHTO T-180 density 96.1 96.4 96.6 96.7 96.9 97.0 92.4 92.2 92.0 91.9 91.8 91.7
97% AASHTO T-180 density 97.1 97.4 97.6 97.7 97.9 98.0 93.4 93.2 93.0 92.9 92.8 92.7
Gravel roadbase 97% AASHTO T-180 density 97.1 97.4 97.6 97.7 97.9 98.0 93.4 93.2 93.0 92.9 92.8 92.7
98% AASHTO T-180 density 98.1 98.4 98.6 98.7 98.9 99.0 94.4 94.2 94.0 93.9 93.8 93.7
100% AASHTO T-180 density 100.1 100.4 100.6 100.8 100.9 101.0 96.4 96.2 96.0 95.9 95.8 95.7
Crushed-stone roadbase
G1 88% Apparent relative density 88.1 88.4 88.5 88.7 88.8 88.9 84.7 84.6 84.4 84.3 84.2 84.1
G2 85% Bulk relative density 85.1 85.4 85.6 95.7 85.9 86.0 81.4 81.2 81.0 80.9 80.8 80.7
G3 98% AASHTO T-180 density 98.1 98.4 98.6 98.7 98.9 99.0 94.4 94.2 94.0 93.9 93.8 93.7
G4 100% AASHTO T-180 density 100.1 100.4 100.6 100.8 100.9 101.0 96.4 96.2 96.0 95.9 95.8 95.7
Asphalt base and 100% (97-% voids in mix) %
100.1 100.3 100.5 100.6 100.7 100.8 97.1 96.9 96.8 96.7 96.6 96.5
surfacing of theoretical density
Shoulders and wearing 93% AASHTO T-180 density
93.2 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.2 94.3 87.9 87.6 87.4 87.2 87.0 86.9
course
Plant mixed pavement 100% AASHTO T-180 density
100.1 100.3 100.5 100.7 100.8 100.9 96.4 96.2 96.0 95.9 95.8 95.7
layers (section 3700)

Table 10300/5 Acceptance Limits For Bituminous Binder Content
Sample Maximum deviation from the sample Maximum deviation of any single test
size mean from the sample binder content value from the specified binder
(number) (%of binder) content
(% of binder)
Gap-graded and Continuous, semi- Gap-graded and Continuous and
non-homogeneous gap-graded and semi-gap-graded open-graded mixes
modified binder open-graded mixes
mixes and slurry conventional and
seals homogeneous
modified binder
mixes
2 0.51 0.37 0.76 0.54
3 0.44 0.33 0.81 0.58
4 0.41 0.30 0.84 0.60
5 0.38 0.29 0.87 0.62
6 0.36 0.27 0.89 0.64
7 0.35 0.25 0.91 0.65
8 0.33 0.25 0.92 0.66
(f) Concrete: 28-day cube compressive strength

At least the minimum number of samples given in table 10300/7 shall be obtained according
to a random pattern and test cubes made according to an approved method and tested for
compressive strength after 28 days.
Outliers shall be identified and eliminated.
Compliance with the requirements for the characteristic strength of the lot shall be assessed
according to the following criteria:
1) x ≥ Ls + ∆A, where:
n
x = a mean value of the 28-day cube compressive strength tests

n
Ls = characteristic strength specified in the concrete-class indication (see clause 6404)
∆A = the applicable value given in table 10300/6
2) x ≥ Ls -
n ∆B, where:
x = the 28-day cube compressive strength of a single test

n
∆B = the applicable value given in table 10300/6.

Table 10300/6 Acceptance Factors for Strength Concrete
Sample size (MPa) (MPa)

(n)
3 0.5 3.9
4 1.1 4.2
5 1.4 4.5
6 1.7 4.7
7 1.9 4.9
8 2.1 5.0
9 2.2 5.2
10 2.3 5.3
11 2.4 5.4
12 2.5 5.5
13 2.8 5.6
14 2.7 5.7
15 2.7 5.8
Table 10300/7 Minimum Sample Sizes for Strength Concrete (Structural)
Volume of lot (m3) Minimum sample size

0-20 4
21-40 6
41-70 9
71-100 12
101-150 14
> 150 16
10306 CONTROLLING MORE THAN ONE PROPERTY

Where more than one property of a lot is being controlled, the lot shall be accepted if all the
properties comply with the specified requirements. But if one or more of the properties do not
comply with the requirements, the lot shall be rejected, or it may be conditionally accepted
subject to the provisions of clause10307.
10307 CONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE
(a) General
Where a lot is rejected under a statistical judgement plan described in this section but the test
results are such that the lot complies with the requirements for conditional acceptance
specified hereafter, the engineer may accept the lot conditionally, that is, the lot may be
accepted at reduced payment in lieu of complete rejection, provided that
1) conditional acceptance shall be in the sole discretion of the engineer and is not an option
which may be exercised by the contractor or a right he may claim;
2) the lot is approved in respect of all other requirements not judged by a statistical judgement
plan:

3) the contractor shall have the option, at his own cost, to remove work which has been
conditionally accepted and replace it with work which complies with the requirements for
acceptance at full payment;
4) conditional acceptance and the corresponding reduced payment shall apply only in respect
of the work and properties listed in sub-clause 10307(b) below.
(b) Properties to which conditional acceptance applies

Conditional acceptance may be applied in respect of the properties of structures listed below
in table 10300/8.
Note:
Conditional acceptance shall not apply to crushed-stone layers, but, where compaction to 88%
of apparent density has been specified but cannot be attained, the engineer may accept the
layer for payment at the rate for compaction to 86% of apparent density on condition that the
layer complies with the requirements for this compaction standard.
The same provisions shall apply mutatis mutandis where a specified density of 102% of
modified AASHTO density cannot be but 100% of modified AASHTO density has in fact
been attained.
Table 10300/8 Properties To Which Conditional

Acceptance May Apply
Property Structure
Relative compaction (i) Asphalt base or surfacing
(ii) Chemically stabilized layers
(iii) Plant mixed paver laid layers
Bituminous-binder content Asphalt base or surfacing
Cementitious-binder content or Chemically stabilized layers
strength requirements
28-day cube compressive All structural concrete (excepting concrete
strength pavements)
(c) Criteria for conditional acceptance

In terms of the respective judgement plans relating to the properties to which conditional
acceptance applies, two requirements shall always apply, viz one in relation to the sample
mean ( x ). and one In relation to individual test values
n x . A lot may be conditionally
n
accepted when it complies with one of the two requirements for acceptance, but not with the
second requirement provided that it complies with the requirements for conditional
acceptance in relation to the second requirement. There are therefore always two cases:
(i) Case 1
The lot complies with the requirement for sample mean, but not in all cases with the
requirement for individual test values.
The lot may be accepted conditionally, subject to the following additional conditions:

(1) in regard to the RELATIVE COMPACTION OF PAVEMENT LAYERS, the

BITUMINOUS-BINDER CONTENT OF ASPHALT MIXES and the CONCRETE CUBE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, not more than one test value shall fail to comply with the
requirements of individual test values.
(2) In regard to the CEMENTITIOUS-BINDER CONTENT, the binder content may be
below 70% of the specified binder content in not more than 25% of cases.
(ii) Case 2
The lot complies with the requirements for individual test values but not with the
requirements for sample mean.
The lot may be accepted conditionally on condition that the sample mean x lies within the
n
rejection limits given in table 10300/9.
Table 10300/9 Rejection Limits

(Lr And L'r) For The Sample Mean ( xn )
Property Structure Rejection limits (Lr and L'r)

Relative compaction(a) Chemically stabilized layers in Lr = (La - 2.000)% relative
accordance with section 3500 or compaction
3700
(b) Asphalt base or surfacing
Lr = (La - 1.000)% relative
compaction
Cube Compressive All strength concrete Lr = 0.85 La
strength (excluding pavement concrete)
Bituminous binder Asphalt Lr = (La - 0.200)% binder
content % L'r = (L'a + 0.200)% binder
Cementitious-binder Chemically stabilized layers Lr = 0.80 La
content
Strength Chemically stabilized layers Lr = 0.85 La
(d) Determining the payment reduction factor (fr)

Where a lot is conditionally accepted, compensation will be reduced by multiplying the tender
rates for the Items concerned, as set out below, with the payment reduction factor fr
The factor fr is determined as follows in regard to the two cases set out in sub-clause 10307(c)
above.
(i) Case 1
The lot complies with the requirements for sample mean but not in all cases with the
requirements for single values.
fr is always taken as being equal to 0.85.

(ii) Case 2
The lot complies with the requirements for single values, but not with the requirements for
sample mean ( x ).
n
For conditional acceptance at a lower limit

fr = 0.67 + 0.3( x - Lr)/( La - Lr)
n
For conditional acceptance at an upper limit

fr = 0.67 + 0.3 (L'r - x ) / (L'r - L'a)
n
(See clause 10303 for definitions of symbols).

Where a lot is conditionally accepted with regard to bituminous binder application rates, the
appropriate payment reduction factor in table 10300/10 shall be applicable.
Table 10300/10 Payment Reduction Factors for Conditionally Accepted Bituminous

Binder Application Rates
Conventional and homogeneous modified Bitumen-rubber binders

binders
Deviation from the Payment Deviation from the Payment
specified rate reduction factor specified rate at reduction factor
(net cold bitumen) spraying temperature
2
l/m fr (%) fr
+/- 0.06 1.00 +/- 5.0 1.00
+/- 0.07 0.95 +/- 6.0 0.97
+/- 0.08 0.90 +/- 7.0 0.95
+/- 0.09 0.85 +/- 8.0 0.90
+/- 0.10 0.80 +/- 9.0 0.95
+/- 10.0 0.80
2
If the deviation exceeds +/- 0.10 l/m , the lot If the deviation exceeds +/- 10%, the lot
shall be rejected. shall be rejected.
(e) Applying the payment reduction factor

The payment-reduction factor shall be applied to the following payment items as described in
the specifications.
(i) Chemically stabilized layers

Items 42.01, 42.02, 46.01, 46.02, 46.05, 46.06, 46.07, 46.08 and 46.09.
(ii) Asphalt surfacing and base

Items 64.01, 64.02, 64.03, 64.09, 64.10, 64.11, 64.12, 64.13 and 64.16.
(iii) Surface treatments and seals (bituminous binder application rates)

Items 63B.01, 63B.02, 63C.01, 63C.02, 63D.01, 63D.02, 63E.01, 63E.02 and 63E.03.

(iv) Concrete
Items 84.01, 84.02 and 84.03.
No reduction shall apply to payment items for formwork, reinforcing or pre-stressing tendons.
(v) Plant-mixed pavement layers placed by paver

Items 71.02, 71.03, 71.12, 71.13, 71.14 and 71.15.
(vi) General
Where payment items are incorporated in the project specifications or have been amended in
the bills of quantities, the payment-reduction factor shall apply to the payment items
corresponding to the payment items mentioned above.
Where a lot is conditionally accepted in regard to more than one property, the payment-
reduction factor for each property shall be calculated, and the factor giving rise to the largest
reduction shall be applied, except in the case of concrete pavements when the provisions of
clause 7120(f) shall apply.
10308 PROCESS CONTROL BY THE CONTRACTOR

The onus rests with the contractor to produce work which conforms in quality and accuracy of
detail to all the requirements of the specifications and drawings, and the contractor shall, at
his own expense, institute a quality control system and provide experienced engineers,
foremen, surveyors, materials technicians, other technicians and other technical staff,
together with all transport, Instruments and equipment, to ensure adequate supervision and
positive control of the works at all times.
The contractor shall conduct tests or have them conducted continually on a regular basis, to
check the properties of natural materials and processed natural materials and of products
manufactured on the site, such as concrete and asphalt mixes. Although not a requirement for
the contractor to conduct regular tests on any commercially produced products such a.
cement, bitumen, steel and pipes, the contractor shall remain fully responsible for any
defective material or equipment provided by him. Similarly, the quality of all elements of the
works shall be checked on a regular basis so as to ensure compliance with the requirements of
the specifications.
The intensity of control and of tests to be conducted by the contractor shall be adequate to
ensure that proper control is being exercised.
Where any natural materials or products made from natural materials are supplied, and upon
completion of each element of the construction work, the contractor shall test and check such
materials, products and/or elements for compliance with the specified requirements and shall
submit his results to the engineer for approval. Such submission shall include all his
measurements and test results and shall furnish adequate proof of compliance with the
specified requirements.
No specific pay items are provided as compensation for the above obligations, including the
provision of all samples delivered to the engineer, the repair of places from which samples
were taken, and the provision of the necessary personnel and testing apparatus and facilities,
for which compensation shall be Included in the tendered rates of the contractor for the
various items of work to which these obligations apply.

The contractor’s attention is also drawn to the provisions of clauses 10209 or 10308 in regard
to instituting specific process-control systems.
For continuous concrete and asphalt-production processes, the engineer may order the
contractor to augment the above control system by introducing a process control system for
monitoring the various properties to be controlled. The specific system to be applied shall be
subject to the engineer's approval, and the attention of the contractor is drawn to the Systems
described In clause 4.4 of TRH5, which will normally be regarded as suitable.
The contractor shall take immediate steps to rectify any deviation from the specified
requirements indicated by his process-control system, and the engineer shall have the right to
inspect and be given all details of tests and testing procedures in order to satisfy himself that
the contractor is implementing adequate process control system.
10309 QUALITY OF MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP

The engineer will at regular intervals inspect and test materials and completed work for
compliance with the specified requirements, and, where applicable, the various specified
judgement plans will be applied. The testing frequencies and sample and lot sizes for routine
testing shall be at the discretion of the Engineer.
All sections of completed work shall be submitted to the Engineer for routine inspection and
testing, and the contractor shall not cover up or construct any work on top of sections of
completed work before being advised by the Engineer of the outcome of the inspection or
testing. The Contractor shall arrange for the submission of work for testing in such a manner
as will afford the Engineer reasonable opportunity for inspection and testing.

10-SERIES 10000 Testing Materials and Workmanship

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10-SERIES 10000 Testing Materials and Workmanship

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Standard Technical Specification - 2002 Series 10000: Testing Materials and Workmanship

SERIES 10000: TESTING

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES...................................................................................................4

SECTION 10100: STANDARD AND TESTING ..............................................................................5

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-1

SECTION 10200: QUALITY CONTROL (SCHEME 1) ................................................................ 46

Page10000-2 Ethiopian Roads Authority

10208 Conditional Acceptance...............................................................................................61

SECTION 10300: QUALITY CONTROL (SCHEME 2).................................................................67

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-3

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Page10000-4 Ethiopian Roads Authority

SECTION 10100: STANDARD AND TESTING

10102 TESTING METHODS

10103 THE COSTS OF TESTING

(a) Process control

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-5

(b) Producing certificates

10104 TAKING AND SUBMITTING SAMPLES

10105 TESTING AGGREGATES

Page10000-6 Ethiopian Roads Authority

(b) Determining acid insolubility

(c) Free-water content

(d) Bulking the fine aggregates

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-7

Page10000-8 Ethiopian Roads Authority

(i) The method

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-9

10106 TESTING CONCRETE

(a) Determining the compressive strength

Page10000-10 Ethiopian Roads Authority

(i) Plastic concrete

(ii) Stiff concrete

(c) Air content

(d) Drilling and testing the concrete cores

(e) Flexural strength test (modulus of rupture)

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-11

(iv) Calculating the compressive strength

(a) Field Density

(b) Relative Density

Page10000-12 Ethiopian Roads Authority

(c) Chemically stabilized material

(d) Moisture content at saturation

(e) The soundness of mudrock or shale aggregates

(ii) Preparation of aggregate

(iii) Test procedure (start of first cycle)

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-13

(f) Nuclear device for compaction process control

Page10000-14 Ethiopian Roads Authority

(a) Total approximate dry bulk relative density

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-15

minutes. This can be done by connecting the pycnometer directly to an aspirator or

Page10000-16 Ethiopian Roads Authority

(v) General requirements

(b) Apparent relative density

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-17

Dry the material in the oven at 105 OC – 110 OC to a constant mass.

Page10000-18 Ethiopian Roads Authority

10109 TESTING TAR, BITUMEN AND ASPHALT

(b) Determining the film thickness

(c) Cantabro abrasion test

Ethiopian Roads Authority Page 10000-19

(ii) Test Procedure