Try Lang

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

BATSTATEU ALANGILAN
Alangilan, Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
https://batstate-u.edu.ph/ Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118/2121
CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ChE 406 - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation - Distillation Apparatus

Laboratory Exam
Presented by
Alvarez, Pamela
Casapao, Lalaine Avegail
Garcia, Jullia Nicole
Mabini, Jessica
Panganiban, Jasmine Mae
May 2022
BATSTATEU ALANGILAN
CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ChE 406 – Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. To incorporate the thermodynamic principles in material, energy, and heat balances.

2. To compute the material, energy, and heat balances in the equipment in order to
determine the appropriateness of the parts used throughout the equipment setup.
Student Outcomes
SO1. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by

applying principles of engineering, science, and mathematics.
SO2. An ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs
with consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social,
environmental, and economic factors.
SO7. An ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning
strategies.
Rationale
The Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics involves the calculation in material, energy

and heat balances of some processes that can be seen in chemical and or industrial plants. In the
Chemical Engineering program, one of the requirements is to make a proposed plant design that
involves the design of an equipment. Your task is to come up with a material, energy and heat
balances calculated for each of the equipment and answer the questions in Results and Discussions:
1. Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation Reactor

2. Vacuum Pyrolyzer (Oil and Syngas Production)
3. Solvent Extraction Setup with Distillation
4. Compression Molding Machine
5. Roll Mill Machine
The details of each equipment can be found in the following link:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1RWSgt6Dwy1Je3UUddN1irrVVX-e6JO3P?usp=sharing
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Methodology
1. Planning and Task Assignment
Name of Student Tasks Date to be Executed
Discussions
Alvarez, Pamela Material, Energy and Heat May 15, 2022
Balances
Basis and Assumptions

Casapao, Lalaine Avegail Material, Energy and Heat May 15, 2022
Balances
Thermodynamics Principles
Garcia, Jullia Nicole Material, Energy and Heat May 15, 2022
Balances
Discussions
Mabini, Jessica Material, Energy and Heat May 15, 2022
Balances
Improvements on the overall

equipment
Panganiban, Jasmine Mae May 15, 2022
Material, Energy and Heat
Balances
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2. Strategy of Operation
To set a task and complete it on time, collaboration and teamwork are required.
First, the participants should begin brainstorming ideas for the assigned topic and allocate
assignments to each member. They will be given enough time to complete their own parts.
Second, each part will be compiled, and the paper will be reviewed. Because it is a
laboratory exam, substantial revisions are required to better grasp the study's data and
conclusions.
Results and Discussion
1. Discuss briefly the operation of the whole equipment, showing the flow process
and steps of operation, the material going in and out, chemical reaction involved
and individual specification and operation of the equipment involved.
The study's major objective is to design and develop a Simultaneous Saccharification

Fermentation-Distillation (SSF-D) apparatus for bioethanol production. Furthermore, it considers
the equipment's performance in terms of percent production of bioethanol and compares it to
laboratory operations. The researchers divided the study into three parts using a project
development method of research. First, create a Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation-
Distillation equipment prototype for bioethanol production. Second, preliminary tests such as the
performance and efficiency of the SSF-D apparatus in terms of ethanol yield are evaluated. Finally,
the prototype's instructional manual was created.
The Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation-Distillation Apparatus aims to help the

production of alternative fuel by refining the process of ethanol conversion. The steps mainly
involved in this process are hydrolysis and fermentation which both require specific temperature
and pH ranges for optimal operation. Therefore, a bioreactor, a large fermentation chamber for
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growing organisms such as bacteria or yeast under controlled conditions, is needed in order to
control sudden changes in temperature and pH during the process that could potentially kill or
retard the reaction.
The apparatus's flow process is aligned with the working equations of material balancing
for batch operations, such that mass in equals mass out. Moreover, the steps involved in SSF are
placing the feed to the SSF Vessel, Gelatinization, Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation,
and Distillation.
STEP 1. Place the feed to the SSF Vessel.

Check the reactor setup and plug it into a 220 volts outlet. Ensure that all the ports, bolts,
and valves are securely closed. Using an aseptic funnel, pour in the 25% corn starch solution with
an optimum volume of 15L. Then, thread the feed port as tightly as possible.
STEP 2. Gelatinization
Turn on the main breaker switch and the SSF vessel’s thermocouple and heating system
breaker switch consecutively. Be sure that the SSF vessel switch is turned on before switching on
the control panel. Remove the pH probe then pre-heat the SSF vessel for at least 10 liters of
distilled water at 1000℃ to sterilize it. Prepare the substrate solution according to the required
proportions. Ensure that all the materials that are used in the preparation of the solution are aseptic.
Through the sample port at the top plate, dispense the prepared solution to the SSF vessel. Then,
turn on the agitator and set the temperature to 70℃ for 1 hour to gelatinize the solution. (Note:
The agitation speed and retention period will vary depending on the consistency of the gelatinized
solution.)
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STEP 3. Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation

After the gelatinization, let the gelatinized solution cool down to 40℃ and set the pH to
6.00. For two hours, maintain the temperature from 40℃ to 50℃. Add the alpha-amylase and set
the agitation speed to 100rpm. Then, cool down the pre-treated slurry to 30℃ and set the pH to
5.00. Open the feed port and simultaneously add the glucoamylase and the Saccharomyces
cerevisiae inoculum. Run the apparatus for 72 hours. (Note: The amount and kind of enzymes
utilized will be determined by the substrate being treated. To avoid contamination, ensure that all
element transfer is done in the most aseptic manner possible.)
STEP 4. Distillation
Turn off the agitation and the SSF vessel’s heating system breaker circuit. Open the valve
connecting to the distillation vessel. Ensure that the vessel is not totally filled up to prevent
overflow. Make sure that all ports and bolts are tightly closed. Then, turn on the heating system
circuit breaker of the distillation vessel. Located at the control panel, switch the thermocouple
reading to distillation. Set the temperature to 80℃. Collect the product through condensation of
the gaseous ethanol. Place the product in a closed container.
Furthermore, the Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation -Distillation apparatus is

composed of two vessels: a saccharification-fermentation vessel and a distillation vessel. The SSF
vessel and the distillation vessel are both equipped with auxiliary devices (temperature and pH
controllers) to help maintain the operation’s parameters. The discussion of the parts and functions
of the Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation -Distillation apparatus was as follows:
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A. Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation Vessel (SSF Vessel)
This vessel is made of stainless steel which acts as the main

body of the reactor and serves as the main vessel for the process. It
is the starting point of the operation and where starch slurry,
glucoamylase, and inoculum are loaded for the simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation process. It has an optimum
capacity of 15 L and a maximum capacity of 22 L. Moreover, it is
composed of the following parts:
Component Function and Specification
All the reactions in the SSF process will occur in this

vessel from pretreatment of the biomass to the
fermentation process. Its material of construction was
SSF Inner Vessel
stainless steel with a thickness of 2 mm, a diameter of
0.25 m and a height of 0.5 m. It has a conical part with a
height of 0.13 m.
This vessel serves as insulation for the heating coil from

the outside. It is filled with fiberglass to avoid too much
heat loss while in the process of heating the broth. Its
SSF Outer Vessel material of construction was stainless steel with a
thickness of 1.5 mm, a diameter of 0.34 m and a height
of 0.47m. It also has a conical part with a height of 0.02
m.
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It was built in such a way that its contact with the SSF
inner vessel is maximized, and the heat supply is
SSF Heating Coil
sufficient to meet the vessel's requirement. The heating
coil was divided into 3 parts which have 3 loops.
This was used to lessen the time of cooling the SSF

SSF Cooling Tube vessel. Its material of construction was copper tubing
with a diameter of 0.01 m.
This serves as cover and ports for all the auxiliary devices
in the SSF vessel. Its material of construction was
SSF Top Plate
stainless steel with a thickness of 5 mm and a diameter of
0.3 m.
Ports and Auxiliary Devices in SSF Vessel
3 hp motor is attached to the top plate which provides

Electric motor
power to the propeller and aids the agitation of the broth.
Feed port It serves as the means of passage of the feed to the vessel.
It supports the pH probe to stabilize its position inside the

pH probe port
vessel.
It consists of an upper (paddle type) and lower (pitched

blade) impeller placed inside the vessel. The prior serves
Agitator as an antifoaming device and the latter aids the
mechanical mixing of the broth with agitation intensity
that depends upon the biomass utilized for SSF.
A type K thermocouple was used to measure the

Thermocouple
temperature of the broth.
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Lime water vessel It is where the CO2 is directed.
It is connected through a hose to the vessel and aids in the

Acid/base feeder
adjustment of pH.
It has 4 baffles that prevent sedimentation on the sides

Baffles
and for proper mixing with a thickness of 0.02 m.
B. Distillation Vessel
The distillation vessel is made of stainless steel and

jacketed with heating coils. This will serve as the heating
vessel of the filtered fermentation broth to extract the
bioethanol. It also functions as a storage for the fermented
broth and a location for the separation of ethanol from the
fermented broth. It has an optimum capacity of 8 L and a
maximum capacity of 10 L. Furthermore, it is composed of the following parts:
Component Function and Specification
The distillation process will occur in this vessel. Its

material of construction was stainless steel. It measures
Distillation Inner Vessel
0.2 m in diameter and 0.25 m in height. Its conical portion
is 0.05 m tall.
This vessel serves as insulation for the heating coil from

the outside. It is filled with fiberglass to avoid too much
Distillation Outer Vessel heat loss while in the process of heating the broth. The
material of construction of this vessel was stainless steel
with a thickness of 1.5 mm. It has a diameter of 0.27 m
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and has a height of 0.2 m. It also has a conical part with

a height of 0.03 m.
It was fabricated in a way that its contact with the

Distillation Heating Coil distillation inner vessel is maximized and the supply of
heat would suffice the demand of the vessel.
This serves as cover and ports for all the auxiliary devices
in the distillation vessel. Its material of construction was
Distillation Top Plate
stainless steel with a thickness of 5 mm and has a
diameter of 0.25 m.
Ports and Auxiliary Devices in Distillation Vessel
A type K thermocouple was used to measure the

Thermocouple
temperature of the broth during the distillation process.
The condenser that was used was connected at the top

Condenser plate using a rubber tubing and it changes the gaseous
ethanol to liquid form.
C. Control Panel
The control panel is an electrical device consisting

of a flat insulated surface that contains switches and dials
and meters for controlling and monitoring the auxiliary
devices. It is an ease of access in controlling the parameters
being observed by the apparatus such as temperature and
pH. The frequency inverter on the agitator speed controller
allows the user to adjust the desired speed up to 600 rpm.
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D. Circuit Breakers
The circuit breakers provide simplified installation

– fewer components result in higher overall reliability. It
also makes the apparatus safer when ground fault
protection is needed.
2. Discuss your basis and assumptions in order to complete the material, energy
and heat balances involved.
Certain quantities are determined for the balances using assumptions derived from relevant
studies due to the numerous missing data points such as the amount of the total feed and
accordingly, the amount or mass for each component, such as the diastase enzyme and
glucoamylase. These figures will be used to calculate the elemental analysis, mass balance, heat
balance, and energy balance required for the equipment. Corn starch will be mixed with water,
diastase enzyme, glucoamylase, and S. cerevisiae inoculum at their respective processes to create
the final product which is pure bioethanol. In order to improve the material's quality and efficiency,
specific conditions and ratios are required.
The basis amount for the solution is 15 L which is the optimum capacity of the SSF Vessel.
According to the thesis presented, they utilized 25% of cornstarch solution with 75% of water in
the gelatinization process. The standard DWC configurations, on the other hand, require more
energy than the conventional sequence, making them economically unappealing. This is due to the
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fact that a large amount of water (approximately 90% of the feed stream) must be evaporated and
removed as side stream or top distillate. The lesson learned is that in order to avoid complete
evaporation, water must be produced as a bottom product. We use 2g of diastase enzyme in the
pre-treatment procedure to liquefy the starch present.
In order to calculate the mass (in kg) of glucoamylase to be used in the saccharification
process, the group assumed that the effect of glucoamylase on corn starch and cassava starch is
the same. In the fermentation process, the amount or mass (in kg) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae
inoculum is necessary because it is vital in the fermentation of the glucose produced from the
saccharification process. Hence, certain quantities are needed in computing for the amount of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum. The necessary quantities to determine are the amount of pre-
treated corn starch solution (in mL), density of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum (in g/mL), and
amount of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum per 1000 mL of corn starch solution (in mL).
Utilizing these quantities will arrive on the amount or mass Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum.
When glucose was fermented then one mole of glucose changed into two moles of carbon dioxide
and two moles of ethanol. The mass of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced during fermentation as
a by-product and the mass of bioethanol solution in the fermented broth was calculated through
stoichiometric ratios and equations. The group assumed that the impurities to be filtered out are
the enzymes and catalysts remaining present in the fermented broth containing the bioethanol
solution, such as diastase enzyme, glucoamylase, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum, during
the filtering process. The final step is the distillation process. The bioethanol solution is considered
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as the infeed, and it contains a total of 6.6579 kg in mass. There will still be water in the distilled
bioethanol since the boiling point of ethanol is 78.4 °C and the Azeotrope temperature of ethanol-
water is 78.2 °C. Water is still present in large quantities because it is not utilized in the ethanol-
creation reaction, which is referred to as excess reactant.
The equation used by the group in computing for the heat balance of pre-treatment and SSF
is Q = mcΔT. For the distillation process, the group assumed that there is no variation in top and
bottom column temperature because there is an acceptable description in the paper. Using Perry's
thermodynamic characteristics, we calculated the latent heat of ethanol and water. In addition, the
difference in latent heat between liquid and vapor was also calculated. The formula we used is:
𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄= (∆𝐻𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 ) + (∆𝐻𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
𝑀𝑊𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Wherein
m is respective mass of specific component (ethanol and water)
MW is the corresponding molecular weight of specific component
ΔH is the difference in the latent heat between liquid and vapor of component
On the other hand, the values required in energy balance can be found in the paper. The
acquired value of heat from the heat balance was simply substituted to the energy balance formula
which is ∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE = Q - W. Since the system doesn’t accelerate and doesn’t change in
height, the system’s kinetic energy and potential energy are equal to 0.
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Hence, the formula that we used is:
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
3. Provide an excel worksheet with embedded calculation within the cell to show
your calculation.
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4. Based on your calculation, is the heating element or fluid moving devices

specified in the equipment over specified or underspecified?
Fluid moving devices and heating elements are devices that transport fluid and transfer
heat between two or more fluids of varying temperatures. Transferring of heat can be done in
several ways, in the simultaneous saccharification fermentation-distillation apparatus, heat transfer
occurs through a solid separator that prevents the direct contact between the fluid and the heating
elements. In gathering the necessary values needed in the calculations, the researchers discovered
that a lot of data is not stated/ given in the paper which creates a difficult scenario in determining
the system’s required values. As a result of this, and based on the calculations performed, those
devices are underspecified, which implies there is insufficient information provided to solve all of
the unknown parameters.
5. What thermodynamic principles are applied in the equipment and how did it
help in the overall operation?
BATSTATEU ALANGILAN
There are several principles applied in the SSF apparatus such as the first law, the second
law, and the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal
energy (E) as equal to the difference of the heat transfer (Q) into a system and the work (W) done
by the system (Hall, 2021). This can be linked to the Law of Conservation which states that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed and can only converted from one form of energy to another
(Boechler et al, 2021). For the SSF apparatus, the first law of thermodynamics is shown through
the material balance wherein the amount of input is equal to the amount of output.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics establishes the existence of a property called

temperature (Atkins, 2019). This is a vital principle since the whole process demands a temperature
optimization. If the right temperature would not be met, it could kill the enzymes needed in the
process which would disrupt the whole process. The researches added temperature indicator and
control in the apparatus which is used in order to warm the culture of the broth. Warm temperature
of the broth aids the fermentation process by increasing the bacterial culture.
The SSF process also applies an irreversible process which is connected to the second law
of thermodynamics. This law states that the change in entropy delta S is equal to the heat transfer
delta Q divided by the temperature T. An example of an irreversible process is the temperature
problem discussed in the second paragraph. Once a hot object is put in contact with a cold object,
eventually, they would both achieve the same equilibrium temperature. If we then separate the
objects, they remain at the equilibrium temperature and do not naturally return to their original
temperatures. The process of bringing them to the same temperature is irreversible (Hall, 2021).
These principles help a lot in maintaining an optimal temperature for the production of
bioethanol. Also, through the help of these principles, the corn starch input was not put into waste
and the production of bioethanol is maximized.
6. What improvements can you suggest in the overall equipment?

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The equipment was built magnificently but there are some parts and aspects of it that can
be improved.
1. A sight glass might be placed to better monitor the amount of broth within the
prototype.
A sight glass is a transparent tube that is used to check the level of liquid in a tank or boiler.
A simple sight glass can be a plastic or glass tube attached to the tank's bottom at one end and the
tank's top at the other. Sight glasses act as a window for operators to observe operations inside
tanks, pipes, reactors, and vessels once they are installed. Due to their robustness, soda lime or
borosilicate glass are utilized in the manufacture of sight glasses.
SOURCE: How Does A Sight Glass Work? | Types Of Sight Glass (bmengineering.co.uk)
2. Replacement of the prototype's insulating material for both the SSF and
Distillation vessels.
The insulating material used for both the SSF and Distillation vessels is the fiberglass.
Fiberglass insulation works by restricting air flow in the area it is installed. Warmer air naturally
migrates to a cooler environment. The air trapped between the fibrous strands in fiberglass does
not move, resulting in still air, thereby reducing convection and conduction and effectively
insulating the space. So, another type of insulation must be considered as a replacement for
fiberglass insulation which will bring out more efficient products.
SOURCE: What Makes Fiberglass Insulation a Good Insulator? (homesteady.com)
Thermal insulation is a critical component of a thermal energy storage system. It inhibits

condensation on cold surfaces and the rusting that results. They are used to cut down on overall
energy use. They also provide improved process control by keeping the process temperature
constant.
3. For automatic pH changes, a programmable logic controller was proposed.
BATSTATEU ALANGILAN
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a type of microprocessor-based controller that

is designed to be handled by engineers and employs a programmable memory to store instructions
and implement operations such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic to control
machines and processes. A PLC system typically has the following basic functional components:
a processor unit, memory, a power supply unit, an input/output interface section, a communications
interface, and a programming device.
SOURCE: Programmable Logic Controller - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
4. The adoption of a submersible pump for the cooling system was strongly
advised.
A submersible pump, sometimes known as an electric submersible pump, is one that can
be submerged completely in water. The motor is hermetically sealed and tightly connected to the
pump's body. A submersible pump converts rotary energy into kinetic energy and then into
pressure energy to push water to the surface. A submersible pump has the benefit of never needing
to be primed because it is already submerged in the fluid. Submersible pumps are also incredibly
energy efficient since they do not have to use much energy transporting water into the pump. Water
pressure forces water into a submersible pump, reducing the pump's energy consumption.
Submersible pumps must be operated with caution and must be fully immersed. The water around
a submersible pump actually aids in the cooling of the motor.
SOURCE: How Submersible Pumps Work: Advantages and Disadvantages of Submersible Pumps
- Pump Solutions Australasia
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References
Atkins, P. (2019). Thermodynamic Principles. Retrieved from

https://www.accessscience.com/content/thermodynamic-principles/690700
Boechler et al. (2021). Law of Conservation of Energy. Retrieved from

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Law_of_conservation_of_energy
Hall, N. (2021). First Law of Thermodynamics. Retrieved from

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo1.html
Hall, N. (2021). Second Law of Thermodynamics. Retrieved from

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/thermo2.html
Hwang, C., Heldman, D., Chao, R. R., & Taylor, T. (1999, January 1). Changes in Specific
Heat of Corn Starch Due to Gelatinization: Semantic scholar. undefined. Retrieved
April 17, 2022, from
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Changes-in-Specific-Heat-of-Corn-
Starch-Due-to-Hwang-Heldman/62b61d407209a9e63f694edcc04f02b694ed322a
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Wang, X., Liao, B., Li, Z., Liu, G., Diao, L., Qian, F., Yang, J., Jiang, Y., Zhao, S., Li, Y.,
& Yang, S. (2021, February 25). Reducing glucoamylase usage for commercial-
scale ethanol production from starch using glucoamylase expressing
saccharomyces cerevisiae - bioresources and bioprocessing. SpringerOpen.
Retrieved April 17, 2022, from
https://bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40643-021-
00375-5

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation - Distillation Apparatus

CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. To incorporate the thermodynamic principles in material, energy, and heat balances.

SO1. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by

The Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics involves the calculation in material, energy

1. Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation Reactor

The details of each equipment can be found in the following link:

1. Planning and Task Assignment

Name of Student Tasks Date to be Executed

Basis and Assumptions

Improvements on the overall

Results and Discussion

The study's major objective is to design and develop a Simultaneous Saccharification

The Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation-Distillation Apparatus aims to help the

STEP 1. Place the feed to the SSF Vessel.

STEP 3. Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation

Furthermore, the Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation -Distillation apparatus is

A. Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation Vessel (SSF Vessel)

This vessel is made of stainless steel which acts as the main

Component Function and Specification

All the reactions in the SSF process will occur in this

This vessel serves as insulation for the heating coil from

This was used to lessen the time of cooling the SSF

Ports and Auxiliary Devices in SSF Vessel

3 hp motor is attached to the top plate which provides

It supports the pH probe to stabilize its position inside the

It consists of an upper (paddle type) and lower (pitched

A type K thermocouple was used to measure the

Lime water vessel It is where the CO2 is directed.

It is connected through a hose to the vessel and aids in the

It has 4 baffles that prevent sedimentation on the sides

The distillation vessel is made of stainless steel and

Component Function and Specification

The distillation process will occur in this vessel. Its

This vessel serves as insulation for the heating coil from

and has a height of 0.2 m. It also has a conical part with

It was fabricated in a way that its contact with the

Ports and Auxiliary Devices in Distillation Vessel

A type K thermocouple was used to measure the

The condenser that was used was connected at the top

The control panel is an electrical device consisting

The circuit breakers provide simplified installation

specific conditions and ratios are required.

pre-treatment procedure to liquefy the starch present.

creation reaction, which is referred to as excess reactant.

m is respective mass of specific component (ethanol and water)

MW is the corresponding molecular weight of specific component

Hence, the formula that we used is:

4. Based on your calculation, is the heating element or fluid moving devices

The zeroth law of thermodynamics establishes the existence of a property called

6. What improvements can you suggest in the overall equipment?

SOURCE: What Makes Fiberglass Insulation a Good Insulator? (homesteady.com)

Thermal insulation is a critical component of a thermal energy storage system. It inhibits

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a type of microprocessor-based controller that

SOURCE: Programmable Logic Controller - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Atkins, P. (2019). Thermodynamic Principles. Retrieved from

Boechler et al. (2021). Law of Conservation of Energy. Retrieved from

Hall, N. (2021). First Law of Thermodynamics. Retrieved from

Hall, N. (2021). Second Law of Thermodynamics. Retrieved from

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