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Table of Contents: Summary
1. Executive summary and conclusions – 57 slides
2. Introduction – 30 slides
3. Self-healing materials in commercial use 2022-2042 – 11 slides
4. Self-healing construction materials: concrete, ceramic, bitumen, asphalt, fiber-reinforced polymers – 28
slides
5. Self-healing in healthcare: biomaterials and other applications – 27 slides
6. Self-healing anticorrosion and antifouling surfaces – 15 slides
7. Self-healing materials for electronic, electric, optical devices, batteries, desalination, soft robotics – 40 slides
8. Self-healing bulk materials, elastomers and coatings: research pipeline to commercial success – 20 slides
9. Shape memory assisted self-healing SMASH: research pipeline to commercial success – 9 slides
10.Morphing hosts and self-healing implications: research pipeline to commercial success – 16 slides

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About this report

This commercially-oriented report is intended to assist value-added materials companies and users of value-added
materials to understand their global opportunities to sell new materials and understand the market potential, challenges
and milestones over the coming twenty years. It identifies gaps in the market and emerging market sizes, though
precision of market forecasting is impossible due to many approaches being at such an early stage and the self-healing
being only a part of the functionality and not separately costed. Primary focus is materials tailored specifically to be self-
healing and used to replace or cover regular materials such as concrete, medical polymers and corrosion coatings for
metals. This is a potentially very large emerging market. Self healing in electronic and electrical components and cathodic
protection such as galvanised steel are rarely generating demand for self-healing materials as such beyond batteries and
sensors which are therefore a focus.

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1.3 Benefits of self-healing and what materials are related
To be more precise, self-healing materials are inanimate man-made objects that can heal damage at least to some extent and without human
intervention at the time. This provides benefits shown right. TCO = total cost of ownership of system over life. The justifiable price premium for
such functionality varies from high for life-threatening situations as in healthcare and military to less for luxuries such as not needing to repair
scratches on your car. Allied subjects include those shown below. They have functional similarities and we shall see them combined in certain
materials. Structural electronics is added-value materials, that are load-bearing or mechanically protective, but serve functions - electrical,
electronic, magnetic and/or optical - so one material replaces many.
Versions needing
This results in improved affordability, size, weight, reliability, life, emissions, post activation
functionality and appearance. For example, Lamborghini is working on Self-healing
supercapacitor car bodywork that is self-healing and may
later also produce photovoltaic power. See later.
This illustrates how self-healing may be only part of Chemical attack Self
the multifunctionality designed into a given material. healing

For example, anti-microbial, anti-wear and anti-


scratch self-healing coatings are requested.
Another variation is triggering protection of a Reduces repair
vulnerable part embedded in the host. Many and replacement
bridges and buildings have collapsed due to
rusting and bursting of steel reinforcement in the
concrete.

Coatings or the host material can be embedded as with


corrosion inhibitor encapsulated in nanocontainers. For Benefits TCO,
example, pH changes caused by cracks in concrete Self- safety, security,
lubricating
release the encapsulated corrosion inhibitor such as and self-
environment,
benzotriazole. This protects the ferrous material cleaning performance,
reinforcement exposed by the crack. materials availability, life

Let us now look at examples of the different approaches to self-healing.


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1.18.11 6G RIS number, area, price, market value 2030-2041

5G proponents are struggling to create business cases to obtain funding for global deployment. So far it is mainly a luxury for cities.
Therefore 6G with far more expensive infrastructure may never happen globally. An alternative advance on 5G is, to some extent LiFi
which is the light equivalent of WiFi. If this occurs, then metasurfaces may still be of use but huge figures like those below will not be
expected.

2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042

Total area billion sq.m.


operating commercially - 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.16 0.29 0.49 0.69 0.89 1.19 1.39 1.59 1.79 2.03
year end

Area deployed yearly


Billion sq. m.
- 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

Price $/sq. m. including


controller, some fully
active tiles and their power
- 100 90 80 63 58 50 40 30 30 30 30 30 30
supply

Value $billion - 1.00 1.80 4.00 5.67 7.54 10.00 8.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

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Self-healing fiber-reinforced polymer construction materials
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are being used in applications such as:
o Energy
o Automobile Self healing strategies for FRP:
o Aerospace o Incorporation of healing agent externally in the polymeric matrix - extrinsic healing
o Development of special intrinsic chemical bonds that can be rebonded or reversible
o Construction
after being broken in certain conditions - intrinsic healing
o Sporting equipment

Benefits include
o Strength
o Affordable No commercial success yet because:
o Repairable o Mechanical properties are significantly affected by incorporation of today’s self-healing agents SHA.
Least worst is thermo-reversible Diels Alder DA chemistry in polymer composites - multiple times
o Thermal stability
healing capability, better mechanical properties, compatibility with commercially available epoxy resin
o Corrosion resistance systems, efficient thermo-reversible bond, can be in or on the FRP.
All options being tried – microcapsule,
o Stiffness-to-weight ratio o Healing efficiency reduces after number of healing cycles hollow fiber, vascular and intrinsic
o Most of the approaches require high temperature.
Problems include:
o Longer life needed, nor least because it is tough to recycle
All can be addressed by
o Poor fracture toughness of matrix is main failure mode and it can be sudden – life threatening timely self-healing of the
o Delamination of FRP composites between the interplay occurs due to micro- or nanolevel cracks micro- or nanolevel
generated during in service period which propagate leading to catastrophic failure cracks generated if we
o The cracks are hardly detectable and, for repair, accessing the material in use can be challenging. can figure out how to do it
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5.2 Major focus of self-healing materials research in healthcare

Self-healing topic Status Examples

Electronic skin Self-healing capability is one of the most important features of electronic skin. Commercial product is Sci. Adv. 4 (2018) eaaq0508
elusive but research continues apace. Equivalents for soft robotics are also sought, some prosthetic.
Biosensors Biosensors are important in tissue engineering and other procedures monitoring temperature, media Biochem. Res. Int. 2016 (2016)
pH, humidity, oxygen saturation, glucose concentration, genetic manipulation, and cell attachment for 313-469.
example Self-healing polymer films utilized in fabricating biosensors would significantly
promote their performance.
Dental and orthopaedic Self-healing in biomaterials research is based on polymeric systems, ceramics, or metal composites. A Compos. Sci. Technol. 79 (2013)
implants limitation has been that it is usually extrinsic - embedded microcapsules, after rupture, need curing of 1-7.
the resultant healing compound. Applications of these ceramic and composite biomaterials are
therefore usually limited to dental and orthopaedic implants.
Tissue engineering Natural polymers such as chitosan, fibrin, silk fibroin, and alginate are selected for their biocompatibility Macromol. Biosci. 19 (2019) 1-11
and biodegradability. Synthetic polymers such as poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), Nat. Chem. 8 (2016) 618-624.
poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA),and polycaprolactone (PCL) have economic benefits and easy
modification. The combination of natural and synthetic polymers is effective for scaffolds. It provides
excellent bioactivity and mechanical properties. Research seeks to make all these self-healing. In
interface tissue engineering, self-healing films facilitating cell coculture with combinations of hard and
soft self-healing versions, engineering interface tissues including ligament-bone, tendon-bone, and
cartilage-bone.
Drug delivery and Traditional injectable hydrogels with slow gelation may lead to cargo loss (cell/drug) and diffusion from Polymer Chem. 8 (2017) 5071-
cancer therapy the target site, while the extremely rapid gelation would result in undesired premature solidification. 5076
These practical problems can be solved by using self-healing hydrogels.

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