NAME : YANTI YULIANA PURBA

CLASS : 3B KEPERAWATAN
NIM : PO72201191628
MATA KULIAH : ENGLISH 3

“ HYPERTENSION “
Introductory Paragraph
Hypertension is an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with
consistently above 140/90 mmHg. The diagnosis of hypertension is not based on a
single increase in blood pressure. Blood pressure should be measured in sitting and
lying positions (Baradero M, et al, 2008). Hypertension is a condition when a person
experiences an increase in blood pressure blood above normal which results in an
increase in pain (morbidity) and mortality (mortality) (Kushariyadi, 2008).
Hypertension is a condition when the systolic blood pressure is more than 120 mmHg
and a diastolic pressure greater than 80 mm Hg. Hypertension often causes changes in
blood vessels that can lead to higher blood pressure (Muttaqin A, 2009).
Body
Hypertension is the most common condition encountered in treatment
primary. Hypertension according to the World Health Organization (WHO) is a a
condition in which the blood vessels have high blood pressure (blood pressure
persistent systolic 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 90 mmHg). Blood pressure
is the force of the blood against the arterial wall pressure when the blood is pumped
by the heart throughout the body. The higher it is blood pressure, the harder the heart
works (WHO, 2013).
Hypertension is a condition when the systolic blood pressure is more than 120
mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 80 mm Hg. Hypertension often causes
changes in blood vessels that can lead to higher blood pressure (Muttaqin A, 2009).
In people over 50 years of age, systolic blood pressure is greater than 140
mmHg and more at risk of cardiovascular disease if compared to diastolic blood
pressure, but in 2008 there were approximately 40% of adults worldwide aged 25
years and over are diagnosed have hypertension. The incidence of hypertension is
increasing, from approx. 600 million in 1980 to 1 billion in 2008 (WHO,2013).
The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 showed that around the world
in the world 982 million people or 26.4% of the earth's inhabitants suffer from
hypertension with a comparison of 26.6% men and 26.1% women. This figure is
likely to be increased to 29.2% in 2025 (WHO, 2012). Number of sufferers
Hypertension worldwide continues to increase.
 Riskesdas 2018 shows the prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases
increase when compared to Riskesdas 2013, including cancer, stroke, chronic kidney
disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is rising
from 25.8% to 34.1%. The increase in the prevalence of this non-communicable
disease related to lifestyle, including smoking, drinking alcohol, physical activity, and
consumption of fruit and vegetables (Basic Health Research 2018)
Conclusion

The goal of detection and management of hypertension is to reduce the risk of

disease cardiovascular disease and associated mortality and morbidity. Therapy goals
is to achieve and maintain a systolic pressure below 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure
below 90 mmHg and controlling for risk factors. This can achieved through lifestyle
modification alone, or with antihypertensive drugs (Mansjoer, 2002).

Management of risk factors is carried out by means of equivalent non-

pharmacological treatment, including:

1. Diet Settings

Various studies show that a healthy diet and/or medication can reduce the
symptoms of heart failure and can improve the condition left ventricular
hypertrophy. Some recommended diets :

a. Low salt, low salt diet can lower blood pressure in hypertensive clients. By
reducing salt consumption, you can reduce stimulation of the renin-
angiotensin system so that it has potential as an anti hypertension. The
recommended amount of sodium intake is 50-100 mmol or equivalent with
3-6 grams of salt per day.
b. Diet high in potassium, can lower blood pressure but the mechanism not
clear. Intravenous administration of potassium can cause vasodilation,
which is believed to be mediated by nitric oxide in the –wall vascular.
c. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
d. Low cholesterol diet as a prevention of coronary heart disease.

2. Weight Loss

Overcoming obesity, in some people, by losing weight reduce blood pressure,

possibly by reducing the workload of the heart and stroke volume. Several studies
have shown that obesity associated with hypertension and left ventricular
hypertrophy. So,weight loss is a very effective thing to lower pressure blood.
Weight loss (1 kg/week) is highly recommended. Weight loss body by using
 drugs needs special attention because Generally, over-the-counter weight loss
drugs contain sympathomimetic, so that it can increase blood pressure, worsening
angina or symptoms of heart failure and exacerbation of arrhythmias.

3. Sports

Regular exercise such as walking, running, swimming, cycling is beneficial for

owers blood pressure and improves heart condition. isotonic exercise can also
improve endothelial function, peripheral vasodilation, and reduce plasma
catecholamines. Regular exercise for 30 minutes 3-4 times a day one week is
highly recommended to lower blood pressure. Sport increase HDL levels, which
can reduce the formation of atherosclerosis due to hypertension

4. Improving an unhealthy lifestyle

Quitting smoking and not consuming alcohol, it is important to reduce long-term

effects of hypertension due to cigarette smoke is known to decrease blood flow
blood to various organs and can improve the work of the heart. Medical
management applied to patients with hypertension is as follows:

1) Oxygen therapy
2) Hemodynamic monitoring
3) Heart monitoring
4) Drugs:
- Diuretics: Chlorthalidone, Hydromax, Lasix, Aldactone,
Dyrenium Diuretic act through a variety of mechanisms to reduce
cardiac output by stimulates the kidneys to increase their
excretion of salt and water.
- Respector beta antagonists (β-blockers), especially selective
blockers, acts on beta receptors in the heart to decrease heart rate
and cardiac output.
- Alpha receptor antagonists (α-blockers) block alpha receptors in
smooth muscle vascular system that normally responds to
sympathetic nervous system stimulation with vasoconstriction.
This will lower the TPR.
- Direct arteriolar vasodilators can be used to lower TPR. For
example sodium, nitroprusside, nicardipine, hydralazine,
nitroglycerin, etc. (Brunner & Suddarth, 2002)